Gun Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Health and Well Being

Question: Talk about fundamentally the difficulties introduced to human services in Australia. Answer: This exposition means to examine basically the difficulties introduced to social insurance in Australia. The chose determinant for talking about the difficulties is a maturing populace. The maturing of populace is essentially a positive result; for the most part mirroring the upgraded future. The maturing of populace and development influences gracefully of work, prerequisites of framework, financial yield and spending plans of the legislature. A compelling social insurance framework isn't just the essential need of each network yet additionally a pointer of a prosperous network. The Australian arrangement of human services displays shockingly achievement in passing on extraordinary aftereffects of wellbeing and prosperity with financially savvy measures. Australians value one of the longest anticipation of life and a sound future, while the expenses as a degree of the complete national yield stay normal among countries taking an interest in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (Aged consideration in Australia (AIHW), 2016). The maturing masses difficulties the capacity of human services suppliers and managers in medicinal services conveyance to keep up the wellbeing and prosperity direct genuine and repeating sickness, and bolster the delicate and the weakened. The normal sound future of an Australian is 73 years, anyway genuine hope can be ten years longer regularly joined by interminable sickness bringing about handicap. Ceaseless sicknesses can be forestalled by avoiding potential risk in early life, yet preventable wearisome ailments, for instance diabetes speak to a vital and developing weight of grimness, mortality and wellbeing administrations cost. Australia had tolerably been an energetic country in the past running 31% of the populace about 15years and more youthful, in any case, this step by step dropped to 22% by the 2002 (Willis, Reynolds and Keleher, 2016). As indicated by the IGR , in the following 40 years the degree of the populace more than 65 years will expand twofold to around 25% (Aging and Health framework, 2016). Meanwhile, the advancement in the populace relating to the workforce age is eased back down to zero, which is a never-ending change. Barring an unmatched change in the paces of ripeness, the age structure of the masses will in general balance out with a higher degree of more seasoned Australians. While all these general segment examinations will start national outcomes, there will be differentiates in the various territories. For example, the metropolitan zones are bound to pull in youthful populace, though some nearby zones attract retirees and improve quick maturing of masses. What's more, the segment profile of indigenous Australians is strikingly different. The greater part of the indigenous people (57 %) are under 25 years of age, appeared differently in relation to 34% for the populace when all is said in done. Regardless, these qualifications don't impact the general outcome. Among now and 2040 each State and Territory is depended upon to experience a critical maturing of its people (Aging and Health framework, 2016). Fig: - Fertility Rates of Australia (anticipated chart) Source : (Part 2: Long-term segment and monetary projections, 2016) The accompanying diagram above portrays that there has been a steady decrease in the fruitfulness rates for as far back as not many decades. The anticipated rates for the following decade shows that the rate will facilitate significantly decline by approximately50% when contrasted with earlier years (3.5 in 1957 to The Government is by and by looking at how help to families may be additionally improved so that there is most outrageous choice available to watchmen in changing work and family commitments. With these measures close by, the legislature has attempted to decrease adequately the maturing populace in future. Nonetheless, shouldn't something be said about the current populace close by? More established Australians structure, a larger piece of the populace. 14% of the populace roughly 3.3 million individuals were matured around 65 or more, and inexact 440,000people were 85 years or more age, during the year 2013. It has additionally been anticipated by the Australian Bureau of Statistics, that continuously 2053 about 8.3 million individuals will be 65 or more years old (21%) and surmised of 1.6 million individuals will be matured 85 years or more (4.2%) (Australias Demographic Challenges Australia's Demographic Challenges, 2016). The clinical administrations gave by the Australian government, incorporate national wellbeing strategy, which gives Medicare benefits plan a legislature supported protection conspire, which covers 85% of authorities, 75% of general expert, and 100% expenses of open emergency clinics. Furthermore numerous secretly subsidizing offices give medical coverage known as wellbeing reserves (Australias Demographic Challenges Australia's Demographic Challenges, 2016). The technique for thinking for government assignments for private protection suppliers alongside open protection conspire has never seemed, by all accounts, to be clear; perhaps it is best observed as the exchange off between the difficulty of interests assuming the presence of a conflict of gauges that, as showed by wellbeing coordinator Sidney Sax, depicts the Australian structure. Aside from the protection benefits, the administration of Australia likewise have propelled government activities under Medicare Australia, which f or the most part envelops installment to the specialists, nursing staff and financing of emergency clinics at a state level. There have additionally been state programs that incorporate the open medical clinics and other medicinal services activities. Non-government associations, for example, Australian Red Cross Blood Service gather blood gifts and give them to the social insurance offices. What's more subsidizing organizations, for example, the National Health and Medical Research Council supports the investigates relating to general wellbeing and manages arrangement matters (Britt et al., 2013). The arrangement of matured consideration in Australia gives a large group of administrations in the assistant of more seasoned individuals and individuals with inabilities for open and private parts. There are two sorts of matured consideration gave by the private offices to older, both accessible as indicated by the high or low consideration needs of the individual named as perpetual private matured consideration which is a drawn out consideration for the old and private reprieve care. It is a transient consideration (Australian Health Care The Challenge of Reform in a Fragmented System NEJM, 2016). Additionally, versatile matured consideration administrations give care planned to address the issues of recipients in at least one strategies other than the administrations gave by the standard network. A portion of the instances of such adaptable medicinal services administrations is the Transition Care Program and the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Flexible Aged Care p rogram. The Community Aged Care Package (CACP) gives low-level consideration, while Extended Aged Care at Home (EACH) and EACH Dementia (EACHD)provides elevated level consideration and they are on the whole named as network bundled program. Furthermore, there are other network care administrations for the old, for example, the Home and Community Care (HACC program), Veterans Home consideration program and National Respite for Carers Program. The Australian Government has assigned territories regarding size and area for the populace maturing 70 or more. During the years 2011-2012, different spots was distributed across Australia, relating to age care programs with the point of reasonable spread across seventy three age care arranging territories (Clegg et al., 2013). The related difficulties in connection with the maturing populace are subject to be progressively significant among a couple of gatherings and land districts of Australia, and the interest for medicinal services administrations i s inclined to differentiate among zones and administrations. Contrasts dependent on sex: Such as more seasoned ladies, have higher paces of incapacity when contrasted with men. It has been seen by ABS (2013 information) that in the year 2012, 49% of the ladies maturing 65 years or more required help with one movement in least when contrasted with other men (Drummond et al, 2015). Contrasts dependent on topography: The various regions have populace having a place with various age gatherings. It is generally seen that maturing populaces possess the wide open as opposed to the city. In this manner, it is vital for the network matured projects to offer support on the edges of the city (Jefford et al., 2013). Contrasts dependent on financial status-Socio-monetary components including related obstruction, are basic determinants of prosperity. The general wellbeing tends to improve with each movement up the financial stepping stool, normally insinuated as the budgetary incline of prosperit y. For example, data from the 201112 AHS exhibit that people who live in locales of impediment were more plausible than those in areas of bit of leeway to report specific long haul wellbeing procedures.Differences in Cultural decent variety Some wellbeing characteristics moreover change by social contrasts. For instance, considering the differentiating age structures and response paces of various populace gatherings, 2011 Census information, exhibits that the more seasoned individuals who have moved from abroad particularly from non-English talking countries (25% of those matured 65 and over). They have a more noteworthy trouble in performing exercises, for example, correspondence and correspondence when contrasted with Australians (17%) and individuals from other English talking countries (15%) (Kickbusch Gleicher, 2012). Since the senior individuals are high customers of the social insurance conveyance framework, and wellbeing costs being higher in more established age gatherings, maturing of populace has driven some to communicate stresses over impractical weight on the costs inside the wellbeing framework. Interest for social insurance administrations is affected by various components, anyway more established people are to a great extent higher customers of human services framework than the young, in this manner it is normal that request will increment with the addition of the maturing populace, on the grounds that more seasoned

Giving when it counts

Giving when it counts Many years ago, when I worked as a volunteer at a hospital, I got to know a little girl named Liz who was suffering from a rare and serious disease. Her only chance of recovery appeared to be a blood transfusion from her 5-year-old brother, who had miraculously survived the same disease and had developed the antibodies needed to combat the illness. The doctor explained the situation to her little brother, and asked the little boy if he would be willing to give his blood to his sister. I saw him hesitate for only a moment before taking a deep breath and saying, Yes, Ill do it if it will save her.As the transfusion progressed, he lay in bed next to his sister and smiled, as we all did, seeing the color returning to her cheeks. Then his face grew pale and his smile faded. He looked up at the doctor and asked with a trembling voice, Will I start to die right away?.Being young, the little boy had misunderstood the doctor; he thought he was going to have to give his sister all of his blood in order to save her.

The Pros and Cons of Plastic Surgery Essay - 599 Words

Believing that talent and intelligence will get you just as far if your ugly as it will if you were pretty is an idealistic thought for an idealistic world, however the fact of the matter is that talent takes a backseat to beauty under most circumstances. With the economy rising, cosmetic surgery is becoming more widely available, before it was the rich and the famous who had the ability to surgically enhance their features. However as it becomes much more culturally acceptable, and readily available, there have been many more problems concerning it. Is it justifiable to change your appearance? Is it becoming addictive? Is it changing our perspective of beauty? All these questions and more have been addressed time and time again, but†¦show more content†¦Some unfortunate enough to be born in an undeveloped country do not have access to the aides they might need to carry on with a normal lifestyle, and are continuously reminded of their differences. Some are excluded and treated as outcasts, and some given up or even killed because of their physical state. Doctors and medical professionals everywhere are making it their personal mission to help these individuals, this would not t be possible without plastic (cosmetic) surgery. Cosmetic surgery is enabling people to live happy healthy lives and as time progresses it is becoming increasingly easier to carry out these missions. While birth malformations are becoming increasingly common especially in developing countries, it is not the only reason for deformities. Many if not most deformities occur after birth, later in life due to a number of causes, accidents, intentional harm etc. Many of these individuals are left depressed with a low self esteem and feeling helpless. Cosmetic surgeons have developed new and intriguing ways to rid people of their unfortunate defects, with time these operations have been improved and altered to fit the needs of each individual. Giving them a new lease on life and giving them back what they had lost. Cosmetic surgery is used worldwide to help people with a number of problems. OneShow MoreRelatedPlastic Surgery Pros And Cons829 Words   |  4 Pages Plastic surgery for weight loss can have its pros and its cons. Great results can come out of different types of procedures. But, bad things can also be a result such as complications of surgery. Plastic surgery is a growing industry because of high obesity rates and associated health risks, in spite of high costs, risks, complications and the struggle weight maintenance after the surgery. According to an article in The Canadian Press by Mike Stobbe, 40 percent of adults and 18.5 percent of childrenRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Plastic Surgery Essay723 Words   |  3 Pages This causes people to undergo plastic surgery. According to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, plastic surgery was first used in India as early as 800 B.C. Not only does it enhance self-image but also self concept. Reconstructive ways has also been done nearly more to children than adults. Plastic surgerys categorized as either cosmetic or reconstructive surgery depending on the situation and image you want to portray but they both have their pros and cons. Cosmetic surgerysRead MorePros And Cons Of Plastic Surgery Essay818 Words   |  4 PagesPlastic surgery is a medical specialty concerned with the correction or restoration of form and function of a body part. There are a lot of arguments concerning plastic surgery. Some people even argued that it should be banned. However, the fact that plastic surgery is still legally practiced globally points out that the advantages significantly outweigh the disadvantages. Plastic surgery should not be banned due to the following reasons. Firstly, plastic surgery is needed for medical purposes. SecondlyRead MoreInformative Speech : Plastic Surgery819 Words   |  4 PagesOUTLINE Topic: Plastic Surgery Specific purpose: Allowing people to know the pros and cons of plastic surgery. Thesis: The cosmetic, issues, and beauty. We need to understand every possible outcome while considering plastic surgery. Introduction I. Attention-getter: Modern plastic surgeons can alter almost any aspect of physical appearance, from facial features to body shape. II. Credibility statement: According to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, 14.6 million plastic surgery proceduresRead MoreEssay about The Good, Bad, and the Ugly of Plastic Surgery548 Words   |  3 PagesPlastic surgery is more popular than ever. According to the British Association of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons (BAAPS), 43,172 plastic surgery procedures in the UK were carried out in 2012. In general, individuals consider plastic surgery to improve physical features. However, before opting for something as drastic as plastic surgery, people should calculate the pros and cons of it to accurately assess the risks and benefits. Plastic surgery, when performed by an expert surgeon for the right reasonsRead MoreIs Plastic Surgery And Its Benefits?1251 Words   |  6 PagesGoing Under the Knife (people against plastic surgery and its benefits to society) Sir J. Stephen once said â€Å"Every man has in himself a continent of undiscovered character. Happy is he who acts as the Columbus to his own soul.† To me, this means finding your inner desires and acting upon them or else living a life of regret and remorse. One desire that everyone tries to achieve is to improve their appearance. Many do this by modifying their body, like getting bigger breasts, reducing the fat contentRead MorePlastic Surgery1719 Words   |  7 Pages1 Contents 1 Thesis statement 1 2 Introduction 1 3 Plastic Surgery 5 3.1 Methods 1 3.2 Reasons 3 3.3 Reputation of Plastic surgery 3 3.4 Pro ´s and Con ´s 4 3.5 Safeness 4 4 Discussion 7 2 Thesis statement â€Å"Plastic surgery does not always work† The following text deals with the plastic surgery. Whether plastic surgery always works is questionable. When people hear about plastic surgery, most of them tend to connect it with Hollywood. At the present time it is no longer surprisingRead MoreCosmetic Surgery: A Risky and Costly Procedure1355 Words   |  6 PagesIf one is considering cosmetic surgery I suggest reconsidering. Research shows cosmetic surgery can be a risky and costly procedure. Society is pressuring people to look more attractive. Media shows actors to be flawless and the public feels that one should be compared to these actors. Cosmetic surgery is becoming more popular is today’s culture. People are turning to cosmetic surgery for many reasons, some of them are not healthy. Why do people go to such dangerous measures to look more attractiveRead More Pros and Cons of Cosmetic Surgery Essay1513 Words   |  7 PagesPros and Cons of Cosmetic Surgery Cosmetic Surgery is a great discovery that has been around for many centuries. â€Å"The history of plastic surgery origins in the early 800 B.C. when surgeons in India restored noses to persons who had them taken off as a form of punishment.† (History of Cosmetic Surgery, 2008) Many people have used over the years cosmetic and reconstructive surgery to enhance their physical appearance weather it be for health problems associated with birth defect or problems thatRead MoreCosmetic Surgery : Plastic Surgery1836 Words   |  8 PagesNorfolk, Va.† (Goleman, 1991). I know many of you have heard of cosmetic surgery, also known as â€Å"plastic surgery†. Many people have considered cosmetic surgery in order to feel better about their self. This topic really interested me because I know there are many different viewpoints on it. What I wanted to focus on most is how the media portrays cosmetic surgery, how they portray women, the pros and cons of cosmetic surgery, the cost, and ways that we can get more people to be comfortable in their

The Legal Drinking Age Of The United States - 1783 Words

Persuasive-Research Essay The legal drinking age in the United States is 21, while in other countries the legal age ranges from 16-18. The argument in the United States is â€Å"Should the United States lower its drinking age?† There are many sides to this argument but research has given many good points to back up both sides of the question. First thing is the difference between a teen’s brain with alcohol and an adult’s brain with alcohol. Another thing is drinking at a younger age can help teach culture. Lastly the more alcohol exposed the increase in death rate. I believe that it is a good idea to keep the legal drinking age at age 21 because in our past we have had many problems with death increases due to the drinking age being at different ages and the research used uses pathos, logos, ethos and Kairos to help persuade the reader support that 21 should stay the legal drinking age. First off, the reason the drinking age is 21 is because the United States MAAD program wants to make sure a teen’s brain develops to maturity in order for them to be able to drink alcohol. The argument that congress had in the 70’s was, â€Å"If young Americans could be entrusted to vote, serve on a jury and fight in Vietnam, why couldn t they order a beer?†(Griggs) If Americans are allowed to vote, fight in the wars and serve on jury all at the age of 18 what is the difference in them being able to go out and buy some alcohol. This side of an the argument is using ethos to help convince people thatShow MoreRelatedThe Legal Drinking Age Of The United States Essay1385 Words   |  6 Pagesbefore when they went out drinking. It is a common fact that most teenagers have had a drink of alcohol before their twenty-first birthday. Most teenagers drink regularly or in some cases, binge drink. Nobody can prevent underage drinking. When people tell a teenagers they canno t have something, it inclines them to want it even more and teenagers will go to extreme lengths to obtain it. In 1984, Congress passed the law stating the legal drinking age in the United States was twenty-one (Alcoholism)Read MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Of The United States965 Words   |  4 Pages In the United States, when a man or women turn eighteen they are considered an adult. Being eighteen, they are not acknowledged as teenagers anymore. They have more freedom and more opportunities to become independent. Some of the opportunities an eighteen years old are given are the right to vote, open bank accounts, lease their own apartment or join the military. They have equal opportunities like adults over the age of twenty-one. However, anyone between the age of eighteen through twenty areRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Of The United States1270 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the world, the age when a child becomes an adult is at the age 18. Most people gain the right to vote, start to work for themselves, drive in certain countries. All of this being said, an additional privilege is the ability for one to be able to legally drink. The United States is one of the only countries who ´s legal drinking age is separate from the declared age of an official adult under the law. The idea of putting restrictions on a â€Å"legal† adult, makes the issue more complicatedRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Of The United States Essay1500 Words   |  6 PagesThe legal drinking age in the United States was ruled to be 21 in 1984, setting the country apart from almost all other western nations. These past 30 years have contained as much problems regarding the consumption of alcohol as one of the country’s biggest failures ever, the 18th amendment, otherwise known as prohibition. Also, the legal drinking age in the United States can be considered violation of states liberties, as the national government, albeit with good intentions, has intervened and onlyRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Of The United States2408 Words   |  10 PagesThe Legal Drinking Age The legal drinking age in the United States is 21, while in other countries the legal age ranges from 16-18. The argument in the United States is, â€Å"Should the United States lower its drinking age?† There are many sides to this argument but research has given many good points to back up both sides of the question. First issue is the difference between a teen’s brain with alcohol and an adult’s brain with alcohol. Another concern is that drinking at a younger age can help teachRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Of The United States1479 Words   |  6 Pages The legal drinking age in the United States has been argued for many decades. The current minimal legal drinking age is twenty-one but some want to lower between eighteen and twenty. The main focus of the research conducted and opinions of people are based on the minimal legal drinking age of eighteen. The research is taken from the 1970s, when the twenty-sixth Amendment was passed in the Constitution (Wage naar, 206). It was stated that eighteen is the â€Å"age of majority†, so thirty-nine of theRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Of The United States920 Words   |  4 Pages The legal drinking age has always been a debatable topic that people argue about all the time. Alcohol has been a drug problem for the majority of our young adults all around the world. The goal is to decrease the effects of underage drinking In the United States by keeping the legal drinking law 21. Every state had the right to their own legal drinking age, therefore during the 1970 1980’s some states had 21 while others had 18. This problem was carried over when teenagers got behindRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Of The United States1345 Words   |  6 PagesWith food, there comes a variety of cultural differences with beverages. One of the most popular drink markets in the United States is energy drinks. This industry has grown significantly in the past ten years, and many of the companie s are household names, such as Red Bull, Monster, and Rockstar Energy. While they have mainstream success in the United States, many countries look down on these products because of their use of certain supplements, such as excess amounts of caffeine of taurine. SomeRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age For The United States Government Essay1196 Words   |  5 Pagesmultiple policies that should be taken into high consideration for the United States government. However, one specific topic that needs to be addressed is the legal drinking age. As of now, the legal drinking age in America is 21. To some residents, this law is considerably reasonable. To others, having the drinking age of 21 seems unnecessary for multiple reasons. Most people would agree that having the current drinking age allows for more responsible teens and young adults. Yet in most cases, thisRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age At The United States Of America1698 Words   |  7 Pagesthe legal age to drink alcoholic bever ages in the United States of America. Some otherwise intelligent people want to lower the legal drinking age to eighteen rather than keep it at twenty-one, the current federally mandated drinking age. In Time Magazine Mary Cary, author of Time to Lower the Drinking Age, puts forth the position that lowering the drinking age would actually be beneficial to society. Though lowering the drinking age to eighteen may lead to solutions to underage drinking, many

Measuring the Creep of Lead Free Essays

string(43) " analogue dial for recording displacement\." This laboratory explores the phenomenon of creep. Creep is a slow continuous deformation within a material in response to increasing time, a constant applied stress and an elevated temperature. Here in this laboratory lead is chosen as the test metal as it is shown to have poor resistance to creep and also has a relatively low melting temperature. We will write a custom essay sample on Measuring the Creep of Lead or any similar topic only for you Order Now Applications Engineers are interested in the creep properties and stability of materials when designing specific parts and assemblies. Creep machines such as the one used in the laboratory are used by Engineers to determine these material properties. Creep causes many problems to the Engineer in design. They need to determine that the materials they use will stay within the required creep limits for the lifetime of the component. Creep is particularly important in the design components that need to withstand high temperatures. Creep will occur in metals at a faster rate as the temperature increases. These design considerations fall into four different applications:[1] Displacement limited applications are where dimensions must be precise with small clearances and little error. The small clearances must be maintained at high temperatures. An example of this type of application is in the turbine rotors of jet engines. Rupture limited applications are where precise dimensions are not particularly essential. However it is essential that fracture cannot occur to the material. An example of this is the need for high pressure steam tubes and pipes to withstand any break in their structure. Stress relaxation limited applications are needed where the initial tension in component relaxes with time. An example of where this application occurs is in the pretensioning of cables on bridges or in the pretensioning of bolts. Buckling limited applications of creep are needed in slender columns or panels which carry compressive loads. An example of this type of application would be in a structural steelwork that is exposed to fire. Objectives The objective is to witness the creep properties in lead. To achieve this creep tests are performed on lead specimens. Three creep tests are carried out using three different lead specimens. The load is varied in each of the three tests and observations are made on the results. Theory Creep Creep is a time dependent deformation that occurs under a constant applied load and temperature. The rate of creep is influenced by temperature and creep generally occurs at a high temperature. Creep then is a function of stress, time and temperature. The lowest temperature at which creep can occur in a given material is generally , where Tm is the melting temperature of the material in degrees Kelvin. Total engineering creep strain can be expressed by the following formula: Where ÃŽ µ is the theoretical stress, is the change in the materials length and is the materials original length. The strain rate describes the rate of change in the strain of a material with respect to time. Where is the strain rate; is the change in strain and is the change in time. The rate of deformation caused by creep is called the creep rate. The creep rate for a material with a constant stress and constant temperature can be calculated using the following formula: Steady State Creep Rate: Where Q is the activation energy; n is the stress exponent; A is a material constant; R it the universal gas constant and T is the temperature in degrees Kelvin. The activation energy Q can be determined experimentally, by plotting the natural log of creep rate against the reciprocal of temperature. The gradient of the subsequent slope is equal to. Fig. 1 – Natural log of strain rate against reciprocal of temperature. [2] For this experiment we are using a constant temperature for the three specimens. The Arrhenius equation can then be simplified to give a power law relationship: Where A is a constant that depends on the given material. Rearranging this equation the material constant A can be found: The value of A can also be found by plotting the natural log of the strain rates against the natural log of the applied stress values. Here the value of A is equal to the exponential of the intercept of the line created by this plot. The stress exponent n can be determined by plotting the natural log of the strain rate against the natural log of the applied stress. The gradient of this slope is equal to the stress exponent n. Fig. 2 – Natural log of strain rate against natural of applied stress [2] The stress component n is defined by the following equation: Stages of Creep Primary creep occurs at the initial stages of creep. In this stage the strain rate is relatively higher and then begins to gradually decrease. Secondary creep is also called the steady state creep stage. This occurs after the primary creep stage and the creep rate changes to a constant. In this stage there is no increase or decrease in the creep rate. Tertiary creep is the last stage of creep. The creep rate moves from the steady state of the secondary stage to a continuous increase. The creep rate progressively increases until the material reaches its breaking point and it ruptures. Materials Fig. 3 – Analogue Creep Testing Machine – Not used in experiment [3] * Lever-arm creep testing machine. * Various â€Å"dead-weight† masses. For this experiment there were 1.0, 1.2 and 1.4 kg masses. * Various lead creep specimens compatible with the creep testing machine. Similar to that in Fig. 4. * Linear Variable Displacement Transducer in contact with the lever. * Analogue to Digital convertor in the form of a PCI card. * Data logging computer program. * Computer. Because the creep testing machine uses a lever similar to that in Fig. 3, a mechanical advantage takes place. This needs to be taken into consideration when analysing the results. The lever in the creep testing machine in the experiment has an 8:1 mechanical advantage. The machine pictured in Fig. 3 uses an analogue dial for recording displacement. You read "Measuring the Creep of Lead" in category "Papers" The creep testing machine used in this experiment uses an LVDT transducer. This is in contact with the lever and sends displacement data to the A/D card in the form of electrical signals. Fig. 4 – Lead Creep Specimen [4] Method * The three lead specimens are measured for their length and cross sectional area. For the first of the three tests, a 1kg load level is selected. * The top end of the first specimen is installed in the top grip of the creep testing machine. * The bottom end of the specimen is installed in the lower grip of the creep testing machine. * The creep testing machine is zeroed. In this experiment zeroing wasn’t possible so the recorded displacement results were offset by 6.039. This was remedied by adding 6.039 to all recorded displacements. * The data logger program is started while choosing an appropriate file name. For this experiment ‘data1.txt’ was chosen for the first specimen. * The load is now applied to the specimen in the creep machine. The data logger will record the elapsing time and the deformation in the specimen. * The specimen will eventually rupture due to the increasing creep and at this stage pressing stop in the program will end the logging. * For the second specimen a load of 1.2kg is selected. A different filename is chosen in the data logger program. For this experiment ‘data2.txt’ was chosen for the second specimen. * The process is repeated until the specimen fails. * For the third and last specimen a 1.4 kg load is chosen. Again a different filename is selected in the data logger program. For this experiment ‘data3.txt’ was chosen for the third specimen. * The process is repeated for the last time until the specimen fails. * The results are then analysed as described below. Results Fig. 5 – Specimen 1 – Strain against Time with 1kg Fig. 6 – Specimen 2 – Strain against Time with 1.2kg Fig. 7 – Specimen 3 – Strain against Time with 1.4kg Fig. 8- Specimen 1 – Strain Rate against Time with 1kg Fig. 9 – Specimen 2 – Strain Rate against Time with 1.2kg Fig. 10 – Specimen 3 – Strain Rate against Time with 1.4kg Fig. 11 – Table of Values Calculated from Experimental Results Fig. 12 – Natural log of strain rate against natural of applied stress – 3 specimens (a) Estimationis made of the maximum applied stress that the material can withstand considering creep of less than 1% per year. Assuming 31,536,000 seconds in a year: The slope of the line in Fig. 12 gives the value for n. The exponential of the intercept of the line in Fig. 12 gives the value for A. Subbing for A and n and rearranging: (b) Estimation is made for the maximum applied stress considering a total time to failure of more than 10 years. Again an assumption of 31,536,000 seconds in a year is taken. For the strain at failure an average was taken from the data for specimens 1 and 2, giving 13.134. Subbing in for A and n and rearranging: Discussion From looking at the strain against time graphs, Fig. 5, 6, 7, the different stages of creep can clearly be seen. In the primary stage the strain rate is relatively high and this can be seen visually by the steeper slope at this section on the graph. The slope in the primary stage then begins to decline indicating a decrease in the strain rate. This is despite the applied stress and temperature remaining constant. This can be explained by strain hardening occurring in the lead due to dislocations in the crystalline structure. Looking at these graphs it can be seen that their slopes reduce further to a minimum and for a time stay nearly constant. This is a visual indication of the secondary stage in the creep process where the strain rate becomes nearly constant. Here there is a recovery process in the lead due to thermal softening. The recovery balances the effect of the strain hardening causing the strain to reach its steady state. At the right hand side of the same graphs it can be seen that the slope increases. In Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 this is shown more clearly where the slope increases exponentially. This increase in slope after the steady state is a visual indication of the tertiary stage in creep. The increased strain rate, as visualised by the increasing slope, is caused by necking. The necking begins due to local variations in stress concentrations in the specimen due to microscopic differences, defects or impurities. After the necking the cross-sectional area of the specimen decreases resulting in rapidly increasing stress concentrations. This increases the strain rate exponentially leading to fracture. In figures 8, 9 and 10 where the strain rate is graphed against time, the secondary creep stage can be seen more clearly. Here the steady state creep rate is visualised by a straight line with a value of y = 0. In the same graphs the secondary stage is bordered by two spikes in the strain rate. The left hand side has a smaller spike due to no work hardening having occurred and the specimens reacting to the applied load. The strain rate then decreases as discussed earlier. The right hand side shows a much larger spike due to the exponentially increasing strain rate caused by the necking. The stress component n is defined by the following equation: The stress component is then found by calculating the slope of against as seen in Fig.12. The material constant A can be found on the same graph by calculating the exponential of the intercept. Alternatively A can be found rearranging the power law equation: Fig. 14 – Theoretical values for A against the experimental value. In Fig. 14 it can be seen the values for A when using the power law equation compared against the value of found from Fig. 12. The differences are negligible and can be explained by errors as discussed below. The results of the experiment then confirms the steady state creep law. Errors If the masses are applied suddenly to the machine it will have a higher resulting stress on the specimen compared to a mass applied more gently. This is due to impact loading and will cause a higher deformation and creep in the specimen. The precision of the machine used in the experiment will have a result on the error. Also over time a machine needs to be calibrated. In this experiment it was not possible to calibrate the machine so this needed to be compensated in calculation later. Any vibrations on the machine or the LVDT will impact on the readings. This can occur through impact loading resulting in cyclical loading vibrations or it might be outside forces such as a table being moved. As discussed earlier, the creep rate is impacted by temperature. Changes in temperature due to draft or other influences could result in a change in the creep rate. No two lead specimens are exactly the same. There will be minor differences due to impurities in the metal or small defects such as notches caused by wear. Due to the manufacturing of the specimens there could be minor differences in their shape and area. All of these differences will have an impact on the results. Friction in the creep testing machine will resist the stresses caused by the â€Å"dead-weight† masses. Ideally this friction will be at a minimum, however some friction will always still remain and this will be a source of error. Most of this friction will be concentrated at the fulcrum of the lever arm on the creep testing machine. Electromagnetic interference in the electrical circuitry can impact on the recordings from the LVDT. Also any stray components in the system such as parasitic capacitances will also cause some interference. Rounding errors in the software or algorithm or later by the user will result in cumulative errors. How to cite Measuring the Creep of Lead, Papers

The World Of Hair Essay Example For Students

The World Of Hair Essay In The World of HairThroughout time, the world of hair, and now the well-known field of cosmetology have raisin and fell. I can remember the time when black women were wearing Afros and Caucasian women short cuts and now things have evolving into all these long flowing hairstyles and not to mention the current health these days on our hair. Seems like the days on juices and berries were hairs happiest time. Now going thur how we manage our hair is tricky but here are some great ways of staying on top of every strand. Knowing that mornings or the worst time for all of us here is the rule to keeping a well-groomed and healthy crop on hair. If you have short hair of any type than this is the beast stagy for it, a good shower wash before you start that steamy shower. And wash twice to insure that there will be no oil build up because old can slow a hairstyle down or even stop a style right in its tracks. Next you would want to apply and good protein based conditioner such as, cholesterol and allow it to remain on the hair form root to tip of the duration of your shower and when you rinse than your hair rinses this method saves time and work. Now that your hair is all-clean and you need and quick method of drying it; and before we get the drying part lets stop and think bout how we want to where our hair, now seeing as we have a short bobbed length with about 8 inches of hair to work with we need to apply a styling aid and that would be in the form of a lotion or cream. I prefer the lotion myself, so apply the setting lotion to the hair this will act as a fixative that will lock the style in place. Next we are ready to blow with a handheld blow dryer; this process will take twenty to twenty-five min. After blowing the hair dry we are ready to style the hair. We will write a custom essay on The World Of Hair specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Now that we have decided that we want some bounce and curl in our hair for the day here is how we will get the results needed for a day at the office and an evening on the town. You will need a medium to large curling iron (a heat motivated instrument) and a light styling spray. Now in the pattern that you decide on you will began to take in on inch parting of hair and spray with the spray and curl each until the full head of hair is completed. Next you will come the hair into the shaping you desire. This is just on way to conquer the mornings and is how you can look great and have a full head of healthy hair. There are many products out there and alot of them are very beneficial to your hair. But the best way to keep your hair healthy is to keep it clean and conditioned.