Three Important Events During The French Revolution

Yeganeh Dineli Mr. Clemente World History 10/27/2015 â€Å"Three Important Events during the French Revolution† The French Revolution is known to be one of the major events in the world history. The revolution was led by some reformers in the government who demanded some changes in the political system. The purpose of the revolution was to eliminate the power of king and the rich people who owned most of the lands, and to have a government that is elected by the citizens. Although the revolution started as a movement for government reforms, but it turned out so violent that led to the execution of the royal family. The French revolution made a major change in France and inspired some other revolutionary movements throughout Europe. Three†¦show more content†¦Bastille was a symbol of the king’s power, but fall of bastille by the ordinary people showed king’s inability to maintain the kingdom. It became the symbol of revolution to the French people. Since then Bastille Day has been recognized as a national holiday in France. The storming of the Bastille was the begging of the French revolution. Also the Execution of King Louis XVI was another important event in the French Revolution. After the National Assembly rebuilt the relationship between church and state, Louis’s advisers warned him that he is in danger. Many people who were pro monarchy, left France because they felt it was not safe anymore. There were some people outside of France that did not support the French Revolution and wanted Louis XVI back to power as the king. Therefore he and his family attempted to escape France and get help from other countries to put him back to power. In June 1791, King Louis XVI and his family tried to escape to Austria. As they approached the border, they got arrested and were returned to Paris. *Before Louis had attempted to escape, the French people did not really hate him, but they just wanted him to support the revolution and have some power. After he tried to escape, the people saw him as a traitor to the country and started to hate him. The hatred started the future att acks on Louis and also caused the monarchy to diminish completely. If this event did not happen, the hatred towards

Augustine Medical Case - 2849 Words

AUGUSTINE MEDICAL, INC. The Bair Hugger Patient Warming System Winston Rivero MK 4900 Prof. H. Barksdale October 16th, 2012 Industry Analysis: †¢ Many competitive technologies are available for the prevention and treatment of postoperative hypothermia. The fall into the two categories: o Surface Warming ââ€" ª Warmed hospital blankets ââ€" ª Water-circulating blankets ââ€" ª Air-circulating blankets and mattresses ââ€" ª Thermal drapes ââ€" ª Infrared heating lamps ââ€" ª Partial warm-water immersion ââ€" ª Increased room temperature o Internal Warming ââ€" ª Heated and humidified air†¦show more content†¦| |leggings) | | | |Air-Circulating Blankets |Safe, lightweight |Products not widely found in the U.S. | |Average Price $4,000 |More effective than hospital blankets | | | |and water-circulating blankets | | Trends Analysis: †¢ The Bair Hugger Patient is designed to control body temperature of postoperative patients and to treat hypothermia experienced by some patients after operations. o Medical research states that 60-80% of postoperative patients experience hypothermia. †¢ The firm projected that 1 system would be sold per 8 postoperative recovery room beds. Exhibit 2 |Number of Postoperative Beds |Number of Hospitals |Projected Unit Sales |Projected Sales (# of | | | | |hospitals x Unit Sales) | |7-11 |1,281 |1 |1,281 units | |12-17 |391Show MoreRelatedAugustine Medical Case Study1763 Words   |  8 Pagesheater/blower unit and disposable warming covers. The ultimate problem facing Augustine Medical, Inc. is how to price theses two components of the product and how to position it compared to its competitors. There are many substitutes available for hospitals to treat and prevent hypothermia. However, there are many disadvantages to the variety of other devices which virtually treat the same condition. Augustine Medical believes that their product is superior to their competitors’ products. S.WRead MoreAugustines Medical Case Analysis Essay1761 Words   |  8 PagesAUGUSTINE MEDICAL, INC. CASE ANALYSIS THE BAIR HUGGER PATIENT WARMING SYSTEM I. 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Naturopathy- a system of medical treatment that treats illness by natural methods such as exercising and controlling the food youRead MoreJob Descriptions For Medical Administrative Assistants701 Words   |  3 Pages Not certain we have hired any medical administrative assistants (Wynant) Providence job description titles: †¢ Patient Relations Representative (PRR) †¢ Billing Scheduling Coordinators Referral Coordinator At Providence the greatest abundance is the PRR position. These positions are aligned close to the MAA position (Wynant). MAA position is called a front office or receptionist (Boreman). Tiffany has some great ideas on how to build partnerships with community industry members. Denise andRead More Marketing Research For Augustine Medical Essay2527 Words   |  11 PagesMarketing Research For Augustine Medical This report references exhibits and appendices not included within the document Executive summary By early 1988, Augustine Medical executives were actively engaged in finalizing and marketing the program for the patient warming system named Bair Hugger Patient Warming System. The principal question yet to be resolved was how to price this system. Several considerations are required in terms of organizational objectives, demand for the product, customerRead MoreTechnology And Medicine : Promise And Peril974 Words   |  4 PagesTechnology in Medicine: Promise and Peril Saint Augustine once said, â€Å"What does love look like? It has the hands to help others. It has the feet to hasten to the poor and needy. It has eyes to see misery and want. It has the ears to hear the sighs and sorrows of men. That is what love looks like.† The profession of medicine can be traced back to the 5th century BCE this signifies how important the relationship between a patient and the doctor is. The fact that this profession until now stands out

Service Learning Reflection Free Essays

I chose to go to my home town to work with Kid’s Klub for my service learning project. Kid’s Klub is a ministry of Wesley United Methodist Church offering quality before and after school care and summer camp programs for children ages five to fourteen. The reason I chose to go to my home town for this project is because I regularly participate in this program when I am home for breaks. We will write a custom essay sample on Service Learning Reflection or any similar topic only for you Order Now While I am there I assist the children in any area in which they may need extra help, as well as helping with preparations that need to be made for activities and field trips. This project relates to the passage of Matthew 25:31-40. This passage talks about children in reference to helping each other out when one is in need and doing the right thing. Another passage that I would like to mention is Proverbs 22:6. This states that a child should be raised in the way he should go, and even when he is old he will not depart from it. Kid’s Klub is a program that offers care to children before and after school. Being that it acts similarly to a daycare it gives children the opportunity to work on homework or projects they might need to finish, or just to have time to interact with other children and enjoy games and activities. In addition, they are taught scripture in fun ways that they will enjoy. Being able to do such activities in this environment gives the children numerous opportunities to help one another. It is also great that the children are able to associate with different age groups; they are always able to teach each other new things and be able to ask advice from someone that they might feel more comfortable talking to since they are closer to their own age. While I was there, I acted as a teacher, or mentor, as well as a friend. It was my job to assist them with their homework, projects and to clarify what they were going over in bible classes. I also helped prepare dinner for them and played games with them until their parents were able to pick them up. I was also there to mediate and help the kids make the right decision when there were conflicts or arguments. By doing so, they are learning how they should deal with situations and what is the right or wrong way to handle them. It is really amazing to see this first hand when I see the kids oluntarily helping one another with assignments and resolving issues on their own in ways that benefit everyone involved positively. I chose to mention Proverbs 22:6 because it acts as a precursor to the main passage of relation to this service. This passage states that a child should be raised in the way that he should go, and even when he is old he will not depart from it. I think it is important to include when dealing with children because it is a top priority to teach them. Children must be taught right and wrong in the first place before they will be able to employ those tactics in their lives. It is important that they know what it means to help one another and how much it could mean for one in need as well as the one providing the service. This is why it is important that children receive help when they are in need. The probability that one might help another is much greater when they have been shown the same sort of assistance when they were in need. Once they are shown this, it will stick with them through their lives and they will always know what is right and wrong no matter what. It is not as simple to teach what is right and wrong in this day and age, which is another reason why it is so important. Because of today’s society, it has become a standard to disregard morals that we should learn as children and keep with us through our lives. â€Å"In today’s tumultuous society, morality often gets brushed aside as just another part of the fairy tale, and those learning moments of our youth become just another ‘happily ever after’ tale that seems unbelievable by today’s standards† (Lebeau). I think it is equally important to teach values so that children are sure to be able to employ them in their lives by helping others. The main passage that I chose is Matthew 25:31-41. This passage talks about treating one another right. Ultimately how we treat one another will determine whether we are saved. It’s purpose is to decide whether or not one will be permitted to the eternal kingdom or will be consigned to eternal punishment (NIV, 25:41). The King will separate the children according to whether or not they have helped others when they were in need. This, in turn, makes the obvious point that we need to be taught and to teach others hat is right or wrong and that we need to help each other, regardless of who we are; we do not discriminate. This is shown in one of the verses as follows: â€Å"The King will reply, ‘I tell you the truth, whatever you did for one of the least of these brothers of mine, you did for me’† (25:40). When we do good to others, we are doing good to god. Even though we do not have to opportunity to show this directly, it is seen and is important. Both of these passages are of equal importance when addressing what is right and helping others. Children are the future of humanity, therefore it is essential that this is stressed during the early years of their lives. These situations are presented everyday in life, young and old, and it remains important through all of our years. That is why I enjoyed working with the kids and the fact that I was an influence on them. There is nothing I love more than helping children understand why we are to do what is expected. This was certainly a beneficial experience for me as well as the children and we can all take valuable information and learn from our time together. How to cite Service Learning Reflection, Essay examples

Principles of safeguarding and protection in health and social care free essay sample

Physical abuse involving contact planned to cause bodily harm, feelings of intimidation, other physical suffering or injury †¢ Sexual abuse Sexual abuse is the forcing of undesired sexual behavior by one person upon another †¢ Emotional/psychological abuse Emotional/psychological abuse may involve threats or actions to cause mental or physical harm; humiliation; violation †¢ Financial abuse Financial abuse is the illegal or unauthorized use of a person’s money, property, pension book or other valuables. †¢ Institutional abuse Institutional abuse involves failure of an organization to provide appropriate and professional individual services to vulnerable people. It can be seen or detected in processes, attitudes and behavior that amount to discrimination through unwitting prejudice, ignorance, thoughtlessness, stereotyping and rigid systems. †¢ Self neglect Self-neglect is a behavioral condition in which an individual neglects to attend to their basic needs, such as personal hygiene, feeding, clothing, or medical conditions they might have. †¢ Neglect by others Neglect is a passive form of abuse in which the wrongdoer is responsible to provide care, for someone, who is unable to care for oneself, but fails to provide adequate care to meet their needs. We will write a custom essay sample on Principles of safeguarding and protection in health and social care or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Neglect may include failing to provide sufficient supervision, nourishment, medical care or other needs. 1. 2 Physical Abuse Injuries that are the shape of objects Injuries in a variety of stages or injuries that have not received medical attention A person being taken to many different places to receive medical attention Skin infections Dehydration or unexplained weight changes or medication being lost Behavior that indicates that the person is afraid or avoiding the perpetrator Change of behavior Sexual Abuse Sexually transmitted diseases or pregnancy Tears or bruises in genital/anal areas Soreness when sitting Signs that someone is trying to take control of their body image, for example, anorexia, bulimia or self-harm Sexualized behavior Inappropriately dressed Emotional Abuse Difficulty gaining access to the adult on their own The adult not getting access to medical care or appointments with other agencies Low self-esteem or lack of confidence and anxiety Increased levels of confusion Increased urinary or fecal incontinence Sleep disturbance The person feeling/acting as if they are being watched all of the time Decreased ability to communicate Language being used that is not usual for the service user Deference/submission to the perpetrator Financial Sudden loss of assets Unusual or inappropriate financial transactions Visitors whose visits always coincide with the day a person’s benefits are cashed Insufficient food in the house Bills not being paid A sense that the person is being tolerated in the house due to the income they bring in; sometimes with that person not included in the activities the rest of the family enjoys Institutional  treating adults like children arbitrary decision making by staff group, service or organization strict, regimented or inflexible routines or schedules for daily activities such as meal times, bed / awakening times, bathing / washing, going to the toilet lack of choice or options, such as food and drink, dress, possessions, daily activities and social activities lack of privacy, dignity, choice or respect for people as individuals unsafe or unhygienic environmentlack of provision for dress, diet or religious observance in accordance with an individual’s belief or cultural background withdrawing people from individually valued community or family contact Neglect by self or others Malnutrition Rapid or continuous weight loss Not having access to necessary physical aides Inadequate or inappropriate clothing Untreated medical problems Dirty clothing/bedding Lack of personal care 1. 2- Factors may include if the individual has a mental disability such as dementia or not having mental capacity. If the individual is secluded or isolated or are vulnerable. There could also be factors for the abuser which could include the abuser having lack of training, also abusing their power. Sometimes personal issues have a part to play which could include the carer/abuser being stressed or having a history of abuse and continuing the cycle. 2. 1- If there are suspicions that an individual is being abused, or if an individual alleges that they have been abused then I would report this to my immediate line manager and use the whistle blowing technique if appropriate. Some ways to ensure that evidence is preserved can include using plastic bags to hold evidence if there is a likelihood that it may be contaminated, not entering the zone where the crime/abuse has taken place, advising the service user not to wash, gaining original copies of any CCTV tapes that may be available. 2. 2- Stay calm and listen to them, Take what you are being told seriously, Be aware that medical evidence might be needed, Offer them support to help them to stop the abuse happening, make a written note of what you have been told and contact social services or the police Depends on the age of the individual, if it is an adult call the local police if a minor call CPS If someone tells you they are a victim of abuse, take what they seriously, stay calm, and listen to them, if possible make a written or recorded account , which should be dated and signed, you should also make them aware that medical evidence might be required, offer them help and support to stop the abuse from continuing, and then contact either the police or social services. 2. 3- The most common type of evidence available to the investigator is statements made by the victim, witness(es), alleged perpetrator, and collateral(s). Statements may be collected and documented by one or more of the following methods: * A personal face-to-face interview which is recorded in a factual summarization on the CPS-1; * An audio tape recording of the interview. The tape should be preserved and may be either transcribed or summarized on the CPS-1 and filed in the case record; * An audio-visual taped recording of the interview. The tape should be preserved and may be either transcribed and placed in the investigation section of the case record or factually summarized on the CPS-1; * A written signed statement as provided by the witness. Such statements should be filed in the investigation section of the case record. Taped and written statements are particularly important as evidence in judicial proceedings where the witness attempts to recant an earlier statement made to the investigator. * The investigator will also obtain or generate a variety of documents / reports during the investigation process, which will serve as evidence to support an investigative conclusion. These statements will be used for judicial proceedings. Generated reports / documents include reports, forms, and records produced by CD staff. Obtained reports / documents include medical reports, psychological / psychiatric evaluations, police reports, written statements, etc. The investigator should take the following steps in obtaining and reviewing documents / reports that are to be used as evidence in a CA/N investigation: o Initial all pages of any original document the worker is allowed to view but not copy. This will assist the worker in identifying the document during judicial proceedings as one reviewed during the investigation 3. 1- The framework has been developed from existing practice, with contributions by adult protection lead managers throughout the country, [ and shaped in consultation and partnership with: Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO) Commission for Social Care Inspection (CSCI) Department of Health (DoH) Public Guardianship Office (PGO) Practitioner Alliance against Abuse of Vulnerable Adults (PAVA) Ann Craft Trust (ACT) VOICE UK ] 3. 2- Care provider such as Home Care Agency. Medical professionals such as GP, AE staff, nurses, doctors: they can examine, diagnose treat, they can record: this can include photographic evidence. An Expert Witness: this is a specialist within a subject such as paediatric, geriatrics, and psychiatrics. The local authority Social Services dept. would carry out an assessment of needs, this would include any unpaid carer of individual. Safeguarding Team, within Social Services dept. : investigates ensures safety, work with other agencies such as police. A Safeguarding Protection Officer would lead the Adult Protection Alert. Police: to investigate/prosecute, to work with other agencies, to provide support to victims, to raise awareness of crimes, crime prevention. Care Quality Commission to regulate inspect care providers. Independent Safeguarding Authority, this includes Vetting Barring Scheme, to safeguard protect vulnerable people before employment commences, incl CRB 3. 3- In March 2002, a 30-year-old woman with learning disabilities was admitted to Borders General Hospital in Scotland with multiple injuries as a result of sustained physical and sexual assaults. The abuse had been carried out at home and was perpetrated by three men, one of whom was her carer. ‘The case of the vulnerable adult’ is the term that the individual involved has asked to be used. Her identity is protected under rules giving anonymity to victims of rape. The woman had made allegations against one of the perpetrators as a child but agencies decided her mother could protect her. When her mother died, he was allowed to become her carer, making her sleep on a carpet in the hall at his home. He began taking the woman’s benefit money, deprived her of food and liquid and made her sit in the dark for long periods. Together with two friends he forced her to strip, shaved her head, sexually assaulted her and repeatedly stamped on her face and body. They also threw the woman over a fence, handcuffed her to a door and set fire to her clothing. The police, health and social services had been aware of allegations of abuse dating back to the woman’s childhood. These had been investigated and reported to the Procurator Fiscal but she was considered an unreliable witness due to her learning disability 3. 4- Policies and procedures, manager, care plans, local authority, training 4. 1- (a) Abuse is reduced by person centered values because institutional abuse often stems from things being done to people because its convenient for the staff. The individuals feelings and preferences are not considered. So, for example, a person requesting pain relief is left to wait because it isnt time for the medication to be administered or reviewed. Active participation means truly involving that person in their care so that choice, dignity and respect are addressed fully. Promoting choice and rights is also addressed by active participation and an accessible complaints procedure (which should be visible somewhere in the setting or may be included in a service users welcome pack) backs up that individuals rights. It means that the person knows who they can go to with a complaint or concern about any aspect of their treatment or care (b) Encouraging active participation builds self-esteem, and the person will refuse to tolerate abuse and will be inclined to report it, theyre also around other people which will help to build friendships in which they can share things they may tell one of them if abuse may happen and one of them may pass it on to help. (c) Promoting choice is to help control an abusive behaviour because it gives one an option to do one thing or the other. It allows people to grow closer together over time 4. 2- Complaints are good way of considering how well the services are provided, it also helps us to identify if there are any weaknesses e. g.  potential for abuse and neglect. A complaints procedure should be simple to follow because it encourages people to raise their concerns and it indicates that organization will respond to those concerns rather than ignoring them. If i ts too difficult to make a complaint the abuse is likely to continue. If its easy to make a complaint the abuse is likely to be dealt with sooner. On a bigger scale complaints make government to bring changes in their policies according to people demand 5. 1- poor manual handling, not keeping track if a client has taken their medication, not disposing of waste properly, every time a short cut is taken on a procedure. 5. 2- All unsafe practices need to be reported to the immediate supervisor so the person can be retrained or the condition remedied to prevent further damage 5. 3- You must go to the next superior in position. After you have reported the incident you still have a duty of care to your patient. If you feel that your patient is still at risk then speak with your line manager regarding your concerns. If you feel your line manager is not taking appropriate action, or you suspect your line manager of abusing a patient then most company policies would state that you would need to contact the regional manager. You would also need to contact an inspectorate body

Maggie A Girl Of The Streets Essays - Maggie A Girl Of The Streets

Maggie: A Girl Of The Streets Maggie and Jimmie are two siblings being raised within the slums of New York City in the Stephen Crane novel; Maggie: A Girl of the Streets. The parents of these two are constantly fighting as broken furniture and fistfights are an everyday occurance in the decrepid family apartment. The mother and father fight while their children hide frightened as There was a clash against the door and something broke into clattering fragments .... (Jimmie) heard howls and curses, groans and shrieks, confusingly in chorus as if a battle were raging (11). Crane exxagerates the furniture destruction as every night when the two parents battle, seemingly all the furniture in the apartment is destroyed. Obviously, this poor family couldn't afford to fix and/or buy new furniture everyday. This then is the environment that Maggie and Jimmie struggle with throughout the novel, but both respond to in opposite ways. Maggie dreams of a better life than of her roots while Jimmie excepts his roots and becomes nihilistic. However, the hope of Maggie sadly goes unfulfilled. Maggie is introduced into the storyline quite subtle and quickly becomes the main focus of attention by the other three main characters. From the beginning, Maggie is a harsh contrast to the slum environment she has to endure. She blossomed in a mud puddle ... a most rare and wonderful production of a tenement district, a pretty girl (16) that not only had the physical beauty that her family seemed to lack, but also the hope that she could be better than what was around in her environment. Therefore, the slum environment that surrounds her contrasts her character greatly. None of the dirt of Rum Alley was in her veins (16) as she became the talk of numerous males in the neighborhood. Pete; an acquaintance of Jimmie, became Maggie's infatuation. They meet when Pete is called to the Johnson apartment by Jimmie after Pete promised to attend a boxing match with him. Although only a bartender, Maggie finds Pete as a man of personal superiority (17) that is capable of providing her with any dream she desires. She views the contrast between Pete and her environment when: The broken furniture, grimy walls, and general disorder and dirt of her home all of a sudden appeared before her and began to take a potential aspect. Pete's aristocratic person looked as if it might soil. She looked keenly at him, occasionally, wondering if he was feeling contempt .... Maggie perceived that here was the beau ideal of a man. (19) Therefore, Pete is the infatuation of Maggie because she has never known anything or anyone better than of her environment. Pete; although somewhat sly and charming, isn't the best that Maggie could do. However, a rather normal hustler such as Pete is practically god-like compared to her rotten state of life. In the above quote, Crane hints in Maggie's lack of self-confidence. Although Maggie does have hope to exit the slums, she is embarrased by the condition in which she lives as she fears that Pete is looking at her with contempt. Once Pete notices Maggie he doesn't waste anytime in taking her out on the town. An average night for them is watching an entertainment of many hues and many melodies (21) and other various performance acts. Maggie grows more feelings for him after wining and dining around all the local dinner halls and concerts. Pete continues to impress upon Maggie at these outings as she begins to conger visions of Pete having some half dozen women in love with him .... he must live in a blare of pleasure. He had friends and people who were afraid of him (21). Her hopes of an extravagant life grow rapidly while with Pete. This relationship builds to the point where Maggie decides to move out of her family apartment and in with Pete. Not that Maggie can be blamed for wishing this as even after the death of the father, Jimmie and the mother still bicker and break furniture as Jimmie had grown large enough to take the vague position of head of the family (17). Jimmie virtually replaces his father at this point in the novel as he stumbled

IELTS Syllabus Design Essay Essays

IELTS Syllabus Design Essay Essays IELTS Syllabus Design Essay Essay IELTS Syllabus Design Essay Essay 1. Introduction The affiliated English for academic intent ( EAP ) course of study is designed for an IELTS readying class. which peculiarly focuses on the listening trial. The grounds behind this pick are that IELTS readying class is really popular in China. and to be a specializer on learning IELTS listening aligns with the author’s calling program. All scholars are male and female Chinese pupil aged between 18 and 25. who seek third instruction in English-speaking states. Additionally. all of them are in the intermediate degree. and they wish to acquire a good class in the listening trial. This will be a five-week instruction. and three hours per hebdomad with a different unit. Additionally. it will be used in a conjectural category in a private linguistic communication school. and the approximative figure of pupils for each category is 25. In the undermentioned parts. the writer will foremost give the definition of course of study. and the importance and necessity of set abouting needs analysis. Then there will be a presentation of the affiliated course of study design. which include the justification of the selected types of course of studies and the pick of the choice and scaling of content. At last. a decision will be given to summarize the cardinal points in this essay. 2. The definition of course of study Basically. a course of study is a specification of what is to be included in a linguistic communication class ; and it concerns the choice of points to be learnt and the scaling of those points into an appropriate sequence ( Jordan. 2003 ; Hamer. 2002 ) . Additionally. Nunan ( 1988 ) defines course of study to a wide and a narrow attack. In a wide position. the course of study and methodological analysis should be together. because the trouble of separating content and undertakings with the development of communicative linguistic communication instruction ( CLT ) . Whereas. a narrow position considers separating syllabus design and methodological analysis: course of study design basically focuses on the choice and scaling of content. while methodological analysis is more about the choice of larning undertakings and activities ( Nunan. 1988 ) . Associating to the attached course of study. because listening is regarded as a receptive accomplishment. and it requires few activities than productive accomplishments. such as authorship and speech production ( Hyland. 2006 ) . Hence. the affiliated course of study is designed under the narrow position. and it is orientated with the choice and scaling of content. 3. Needs analysis The term ‘analysis of needs’ first appears in a published study study of linguistic communication instruction by Michael West in 1926 ( West. 1994 ) . However. there was small attending given to the demands analysis in the undermentioned decennaries. The ground could be the traditional belief of establishing course of study on linguistic communication constructions instead than on single scholar demands at that clip ( Richards and Rodgers. 1986 ) . With the development of linguistic communication instruction. the term ‘need analysis’ was re-raised by the Council of Europe Modern Language Projects group in the seventiess. and needs analysis is recognised as the starting point for inventing course of studies. classs. Martials and the sort of instruction and acquisition that takes topographic point ( Strevens. 1977 ; Coffey. 1984 ; Fatihi. 2003 ) . Similarly. Jordan ( 2003 ) besides suggests that planing a course of study should affect analyzing demands analyses and set uping ends. In the interim. the construct of learners’ demands becomes more broader. which refers non merely to the linguistic communication cognition and accomplishments that for certain mark state of affairs intents. but besides refers to necessities. deficiencies. wants. desires. motives. restraints and demands. which could be lingual. affectional. stuff or institutional ( Hutchinson and Waters. 1987 ; Allwright. 1982 ) . Harmonizing to Brown ( 1995:36 ) . needs analysis is defined as â€Å"the systematic aggregation and analysis of all subjective and nonsubjective information necessary to specify and formalize defendable course of study intents that satisfy the linguistic communication acquisition demands of pupils within the context of peculiar establishments that influence the acquisition and learning situation† . And there are several cardinal inquiries need to see when carry oning a needs analysis. As Jordan ( 2003 ) suggests and farther summarises in the Figure 1. they are: * Why is the analysis being undertaken? ( E. g. to find the type of course of study and content ) * Whose demands are to be analysed? ( E. g. the learners’ ; the teachers’ ; the sponsors’ ) * Who performs the analysis? ( E. g. patron ; teacher ; pupil ) * What is to be analysed? ( E. g. mark state of affairs ; present state of affairs ; lacks ) * How is the analysis to be conducted? ( E. g. questionnaires ; trials ) * When is the analysis to be undertaken? ( E. g. before the EAP class ) * Where is the EAP class to be held? ( E. g. the learners’ ain state ) Figure 1. Needs analysis: sum-up Beginning: Jordan ( 2003 ) . Chapter 2. pp. 29. The significance of carry oning a needs analysis is that it is a device to cognize the learners’ necessities. demands and deficiencies. which straight determines the type of course of study and content. every bit good as the rightness and effectivity of the class ( Fatihi. 2003 ) . Besides it is a procedure for placing the instructional aims in a valid course of study. in order to ease the acquisition for linguistic communication scholars ( Jordan. 2003 ) . However. there are besides some restrictions of demands analysis. which include 1 ) the complicity of change overing demands into ends since â€Å"an appraisal of single demands could ensue in multiple class objectives† ( Dubin and Olshtain. 1986: 102 ) ; 2 ) the deficiency of an effectual demands analysis process. as most demands analysis processs fail to work out the spring between demands analysis and stuffs development ( West. 1994 ) ; 3 ) the cogency and dependability of the instruments used in a needs analysis and the consequences obtained ( Van Hest and Oud-de Glas. 1990 ) . Despite those restrictions. it is still deserving making needs analysis because some surveies have showed that it can be good for the development of course of study ( Bosher A ; Smalkowski. 2002 ; Chaudron et Al. . 2005 ) . 4. Showing syllabus design 4. 1 Choosing course of study types There are assorted types of course of study design that have been used over the last few decennaries ( Yalden. 1987 ) . Generally. a figure of different types of course of study can be subsumed under two wide headers ; viz. . the product-oriented course of study which focuses on the terminal consequence. and the process-oriented course of study which focuses on the agencies to an terminal ( Nunan. 1988 ) . The assorted types syllabus under these two wide headers have been listed in the Figure 2. Additionally. a skills-based course of study that is based on one or more of the four traditional linguistic communication accomplishments is highlighted in Jordan ( 2003 ) . It seems that this type of course of study is on the half manner between merchandise course of studies and procedure course of studies as suggested by Robinson ( 1991 ) . Furthermore. another independent course of study is lexical course of study which was ab initio done by the work of COBUILD since 1980 ; and it is on t he footing of vocabulary and lexis ( Lewis. 1993 ; Harmer. 2002 ) .

Financial Analysis of Tesco Supermarket Research Paper

Financial Analysis of Tesco Supermarket - Research Paper Example For a potential investor, the stock of Tesco Plc is strongly recommended as better investment than its rival because it provides higher gains in the long-run. The performance of a business organization is quantitatively reflected in its financial statements. Ascertaining the financial health of a company has become important to different decision makers like managers, stockholders, potential investors and creditors. As such, it becomes important to evaluate the financial situation of any business organization to identify their relative strengths and weaknesses. In order to accomplish this task, this report will utilize financial ratio analysis. From its humble beginning as a one-man business in 1919, Tesco is now highly regarded for its size and strength in the global retailing industry. Tesco is engaged in international grocery and general merchandising retail chain. It is named as the largest retailer in Britain in terms of global sales and domestic market share. During 2006, it is estimated that in every 8 spent is UK retail sales, 1 is spent on Tesco indicating its strong foothold of the market (Tesco Plc 2007). The success of Tesco is based on a fourfold long term growth strategy: "to grow the core UK business; to become a successful international retailer; to be as strong in food as in non-food; and to develop retailing services such as Tesco personal finance, Telecoms; and Tesco.com" (Tesco Plc). With this, Tesco has established presence in international markets such as Ireland, Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Turkey, Thailand, South Korea, Taiwan, Malaysia, Japan, and China and has complemented its core business with retailer service business such as online shopping, personal finance, and telecoms. In order to comply with regulatory requirements, Tesco has adopted the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in preparing its financial statements in the fiscal year 2005 (from UK GAAP). The adoption of IFRS is expected to lower the reported turnover and net income and increase debt. As with any other business organization, the company also recognizes the presence of risks and uncertainties in its operations. Financially, Tesco is facing challenges in "the availability of fund to meet business needs, the risk of default by counter-parties to financial transactions, and fluctuations in interest and foreign exchange rates" (Tesco Plc 2007). In order to ensure fund availability, Tesco employs policy which includes smoothing the debt maturity profile, arranging funding ahead of requirements and

International Accounting Standards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

International Accounting Standards - Essay Example The fair value system has all together improved the information to the individual users of the economy. International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS): IFRS is a private sector organization which is working for the interest of public. The main objectives of IFRS foundation are: 1) It creates a single set of quality which is understandable and enforceable worldwide. The standard setting body that helps in formulating the standards for the organization is the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) (IFRS Foundation. 2013k). 2) They are responsible for promoting the use and application of those standards. 3) They are accountable for reporting the financial needs of the small and medium sized companies. 4) They are also responsible for safeguarding the working of IASB thus ensuring the financing of the organization. The Trustees of the organization are accountable for Monitoring Board of the Public Authorities (IFRS Foundation. 2013k). International Accounting Standards Board: IASB is the standard setting body under the governance of IFRS Foundation. ... 2013g). There are few standard setting duties which IASB had to fulfil. In doing so, it has to go through an open and thorough process which is also transparent for public comment and discussion in papers or exposure to drafts. It connects successfully with the stakeholders worldwide. Like the analysts, regulators, investors, business leaders and accounting standard setters. Fair Value: IFRS 13 has defined fair value as the price that is â€Å"received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement dates† (IFRS Foundation, 2013e). The fair value system sets a single IFRS framework for measuring the fair value. After measuring it is disclosed to the public. Here, IFRS plays an important role in managing and measuring the fair value system. Supporting the objectives of the IFRS Foundation: The activities that are undertaken by the IFRS Foundation for fulfilling the objectives of organization are taken car e by the staffs of IFRS Foundation. Those activities included the following: 1) The important activity of IFRS foundation was to provide the worldwide capital market with a common language of financial reporting. Thus XBRL taxonomy is created by IFRS for the SMEs to facilitate electronic usage, comparability and exchange of the financial data which are prepared according to the IFRS norms. The activity is executed by the IFRS XBRL team members. They are responsible for maintaining and developing XBRL representations of IFRS which is known as the IFRS taxonomy. Taxonomies are the organized categorization schemes which are also â€Å"computer readable dictionaries† (IFRS Foundation, 2013a) 2) They are involved in production of good quality and up to dated materials which

Sir Isaac Newton as the Father of Modern Science in Scientific History Research Paper

Sir Isaac Newton as the Father of Modern Science in Scientific History - Research Paper Example Though in the field of physical science his predecessors have excelled in theoretical explanations of the behavior of the physical world, Newton provided theories a solid mathematical ground. He is mostly remembered because of his book â€Å"Philosophia Principia Mathematica† in which he explains the behaviors of moving bodies. Indeed the later development of Einsteinium Physics was greatly contributed to by the Newton’s the ideas and theories that he discussed in â€Å"Principia†. The book â€Å"Principia† brought him the fame and made him a public figure because of its importance to change the commoners’ view of the universe. Obviously Newton’s idea of the universe dominated the knowledge of the physics till Albert Einstein came up with a relative view of the universe in his theory of Relativity. Indeed even after the publishing of Einstein’s Theory of Relativity, Newton concept of the universe continued to teach people about the sys tem and functionality of the universe. Newton’s Contribution to Mathematics Newton’s career began with his study on calculus. Though he invented calculus solely, the credit of inventing calculus fell upon the part of German scientist Leibniz. Anyway, in 1669 on the subject of infinite series Newton’s study paper "De analysi per aequationes numero terminorum infinitas" was greatly appreciated by his contemporaries. Regarding Newton’s genius Isaac Barrow’s comment was as following: "Mr Newton, a fellow of our College, and very young ... but of an extraordinary genius and proficiency in these things." ... Indeed Newton’s Principia was not written in the language of Calculus, though he comprehensively used infinitesimal calculus in geometric forms. In Principia, Newton effectively employed â€Å"limiting values of the ratios of vanishing small quantities† naming it â€Å"the method of first and last ratios.† (Newton, 1727, p. 46) The use of â€Å"limiting values of the ratios of vanishing small quantities† through the method of indivisibles was the first step to employ calculus in explaining the universe. As a result modern scholars often called Principia â€Å"a book dense with the theory and application of the infinitesimal calculus.† (Truesdell, 1968, p. 99) Indeed Newton was â€Å"distinctly advanced every branch of mathematics then studied† (Ball, 1908, p. 67). During his lifetime Newton significantly contributed to the development and a number of fields of mathematics such as â€Å"generalized binomial theorem†, â€Å"Newton's ide ntities†, â€Å"Newton's method†, â€Å"classified cubic plane curves†, â€Å"theory of finite differences†, and â€Å"use of fractional indices and coordinate geometry to obtain solutions to Diophantine equations† (Truesdell, 1968, p. 68). Newton’s Contribution to Physics One of Newton’s most remarkable contributions to science of his age was â€Å"the invention, design and construction of a reflecting telescope† (Gjertsen, 1986, p. 122) . This telescope had been considered as a significant advancement in the field of telescope technology. But his contributions to Optics were of greater importance. Newton spent several years investigating the refraction of light and invented that white light passed through a prism would decompose into a spectrum

Is Halls Encoding Decoding Model Still Useful Media Essay

Is Halls Encoding Decoding Model Still Useful Media Essay Encoding and Decoding in the Television Discourse was written by Stuart Hall in 1974, which was critically acclaimed in mass communications research and paved the way for many academics to build upon the theoretical model of encoding and decoding between audience and receiver. Messages are sent and received between the audience and the receiver, but the meaning of the text is dependent on the audiences cultural background, to accept, reject or negotiate the text with a margin of understanding, (Hall: 1974). This analysis of the model of research will examine the usefulness of Halls theory on contemporary mass communications research, and will follow the next generations of audience research and the application of the model in current media today. Firstly it is necessary to recognise that the encoding decoding model has much older theoretical roots. One of the main theoretical roots of the model (critical theory) referred to the post 1933 emigration of scholars from the Marxist school of applied Social Research in Frankfurt to the United States (Mcquail: 2000). The school was established to understand the failures of Marxism, and Stuart Halls essay examined the mass media as central to the culture of capitalism with meaningful discourse, this is relevant to the success of the model which appears critically popular in looking at capitalism with a predominant media. Secondly the theory readdressed the themes of the Use and Gratifications theory examining audience power over the media rather then mediated effects on the audience (Katz: 1959). The theoretical study later concluded that audiences use the media to fulfil there own needs and gratifications (Katz, E., Blumler, J. G., Gurevitch, M.: 1974). Halls theory represents a similar model with elegant simplicity, to make it a key text, (Mcquail: 2002). Importantly Halls model focuses on groups rather then the individual which is more useful for looking at mass communications dominance due to social class and cultural heritage. Both the political and theoretical foundations of the model have implications on its relevance today as its usefulness is paramount to a mass media dominated society and the driving relationship between audience and media. The model itself described by Hall is, The institution -societal relations of production must pass into and through modes of language for its products to be realised. This initiates a further differentiated moment, in which the formal rules of discourse and language operate. Before this message can have an effect it must first be meaningfully decoded. It is the set of decoded meaning which have an effect, influence entertain, instruct or persuade with complex perceptual cognitive, ideological or behavioural consequences (Hall, 1974: 3). Hall (1974) suggests four decoded meanings from this model, the dominant code of preferred meanings, the professional code transmitting a message signified within in a hegemonic manner, the negotiated code of adapted and oppositional elements and the oppositional code, clear understanding but with a connotative inflection and rejection for audience, (Mcqual: 2002). This segregation of groups was tested by David Morleys The Nationwide Audience in 1980 which complimented Halls research but importantly gave birth to second generation ethnographic research. This was praised by Morley (1992) where he described how Halls model gave rise to decode media messages and sparked emphasis toward a new phase of qualitative audience research, gender realities and media consumption. Ethnographic research predominant in the 80s examined how television was a social resource in family dynamics and the relation of media in everyday life, rather then decoding one programme through a single medium. Fish wrote that one studies the every day life of a group, and relates the use of (a reception of) a programme or a medium to it (1979: 329). This quality of research transcends further into areas such as gender and communities in which Halls model can not disseminate. Third generation audience research offers a constructionist analysis of contemporary media in the sense of how we are aware and conceive our roles with the audience and reflexivity of our understanding of ourselves as the audience. Radway (1998) emphasized the audience point of departure subjected to television and our self reflection of the media and our knowledgeable participation is where audience research lies. Essentially second and third generation research explored more deeply into social constructivism, which compliments audience media relationships. Although Hall was praised by Nightingale (1996) for the model researched media linguistics and social semiotics to combine research methods and genre in new ways. The audience understanding of linguistics and there self representation through genre is a critical area of contemporary audience research. After the third generation of audience research, Schroder (1994) described the turn towards ethnography and the everyday, as a threat to write the media as the focus of research out of existence. Political research addressed later, will demonstrate this to be untrue and encoding/decoding remains useful in social and cultural class on a broad scale. Nightingale (1996) criticized the model for the assumption that only dominant culture is produced through television and the modernity of the model should recognise the cultural hegemony distributed through society. Fiske (1997) described, the characterization of the television text as a site of a struggle between dominant ideologies working to produce a closed text by closing off the opportunities it offers to resistive readings, and the diversity of audiences who, if they are to make the text popular, are constantly working to open it up to their readings. Audience participation has increased dramatically in contemporary television, addressing the dominant reading and offering opportunities for varied outcomes. The rising popularity of reality TV shows is a good example of a larger audience participation, which will be addressed later on. Before looking at the changing media landscape and the issues that affect the use of the decoding model in the close present. It is first necessary to pay attention to David Morley. In The Study of the Nationwide Audience, Morley (1980) described members of a given sub-culture tend to share a cultural orientation towards decoding messages in certain ways, similarly Hall (1981b) described individual readings of messages will be framed by shared cultural formations and practices (p.51). This study used Stuart Halls encoding model and successfully identified dominant, negotiated and oppositional readings based on cultural background. The limitations of this were later noted by David Morley (1992) in his critical postscript in Television Audiences and Cultural Studies where he acknowledged his terms of class (middle and lower) are descriptive labels that do not divulge the detailed ethnography of the people studied. He also describes The Nationwide Audience as scratching the surface of c ultural practises that could range from religion to biology. Therefore we can acknowledge that the model lacks the detail desired to penetrate the cultural depth of the audience, but the model can disseminate by social and cultural class on a broad scale. The Nationwide Audience was defined in relation to texts rather then mediums (Holmes: 2005) but audience medium interaction was also examined in Morleys postscript. Critically the audience medium changes the way the audience receives the text. The internet has been the largest rising social medium in contemporary technology and is very different from television. Television is considered to be an acoustic medium like radio, in which sound represents the privately experienced equivalent of a social world characterized from all directions ( Holmes: 2005, p.114). The Internet presents a world of information, a virtual reality linked with broadcast networks, interactive communication, and a definitive need for the audience to participate. The internet and online broadcasting were not present at the time of the original study forming an argument that Halls model is outdated as it does not account for changing mediums and New Media content consumed by the audience. New genre has allowed reflection on old mediums acquainted to their ontological power (Holmes: 2005). An example is the spectacular increase in active audience participation in reality TV, founded on a principle of imaginary substitution; and audiences viewing a representation of themselves. Using Nightingales assumption that the model assumes only dominant culture is produced through television; reality TV rebuffs a dominant understanding through the audience participation. Critically as Halls model arguably only accounts for a dominant ideology, it has extremely limited use in looking at audience participation and influence. The ITVs X factor audience has an estimated 10 million viewers, and there are various reality TV voting shows such as big brother, that arent just primetime TV, but can dominate the front page of many tabloid magazines reaching a predominantly larger circulation of people then television. Third generation audience research best describes the audience participation, in there active role in the media in determining the outcome of the represented. Social constructivism defines reality TV, and a dominant hegemony is arguable defeated. Halls model integrates determination and freedom via the producer and consumer, but arguably disappoints in its linearity. Murdock (1989) criticizes the models overemphasis of the rational dimension of the response. Comparing the basic nature of the model to Lasswells comment (known as the Lasswell model) Who (says) What (to) Whom (in) What Channel (with) What Effect recited before Hall, accounts for the medium and the effects within research, justifiably explaining the linear nature of the encoding mode in comparison. Modern communication research needs further consideration of the medium. Although Lasswells model can be seen as a transmission of communication as opposed to mass communication it is arguably more useful then that of Halls in allowing for current new media interactivity and the medium. Murdocks description of the overemphasis of unilateral response is justifiably irrelevant in large groups, in which it is useful to examine mass communication from a political perspecti ve. We previously mentioned Halls model can penetrate social and cultural class on a broad scale and mediated politics can theoretically be applied to the encoding model. The conservative government will have most support from the upper social class; typically bankers and businesses that support the privatization and socio-economic freedom of the individual agreeing with the dominant message delivered through the media. This message would understandably be rejected be trade unionists and the lower class that live in less privileged economic conditions. The middle classs are the negotiable reading, and are essentially the battleground for government votes. Thatcherism and the conservatives long stint in power from 1979- 1996 can be examined in relation to encoding and decoding the mass audience, similarly to Tony Blairs acknowledgement of the model in Labours reign from 1997-2010. During Margaret Thatchers reign the traditionalist capitalist ideology, family values and patriotism presented through the media were a success in cultural hegemony. It can be argued that Thatcherism was successful due to its ability to address the concerns of ordinary people through its articulation of right wing politics The study of this is described by Gauntlett (2000) who says In studying the media and gender, one could use this approach to see how the media might make certain formulations of masculinity, femininity and sexuality to be natural, inevitable and sexy (p.30), Certainly Margaret Thatchers formulation of ideology expressed certain values onto the British public that permeated their culture. Recapping on the value of Halls model in mass communication as a meaningful discourse in capitalist culture, the application to politics and the media is evidence of its use. Hall (1996) also argues Thatcherism successfully maintained support of the working class through popular authoritarianism. It can be seen the British people submitted to the psychological message of the driving capitalist machine and arbitrary nature of political power. The Falklands War is a great example of how the hegemonic embodied populism to remain in power. The ability to be able to look back and examine governmental power, political strategy and articulation of the people is vitally important for understanding the nature of our media, culture and public and can be used by government and historians to shape future policies and projections. A large amount of credit must go to Halls model that can textualize and open up the coding used between audience and public and represents an important academic angle f rom which to do so. Although Stuart Halls model is based around theories of mass communication, Dicks (2000) applied Halls encoding/decoding model to a local heritage museum based in South Wales with the understanding that heritage and the museum visitors can be studied as a form of social communication. Heritage is examined as a cultural communicative practise, linked to the vernacular aesthetic of the people. The social model of communication looks at the practises of production and consumption in relation to politics, economics and culture, (drawn from the framework of Stuart Hall). Initially the heritage site, (which was being built in the early 90s) dedicated to the miners strikes felt the Conservative government had projected a Disney model of narration to the heritage site that didnt reflect the community feel, thus as local historian was able to get involved in the development process, outlining the encoding element. When the public visited the museum they were asked a series of questions before , and after there interactivity with the museum. Generalising the findings presents Hallss theory in accurate modern context of dominant, oppositional and negotiated responses to the decoding of the information presented due to economic and cultural heritage. However they should not be simplified into this manner as the detail of the answers given, present a larger scope of negotiation from the public, due to the museum not actually presenting a dominant hegemonic view of the miners strikes. In this sense, the question is how did the visitors negotiate with the negotiation? Essentially using there own social-cultural class to deconstruct the narrative. Concluding the findings of the article, the encoding aspect of the museum content presented a clear divide between the government and local idea of the aesthetic and values of the museum, and decoding is representative of cultural and economic means but does not necessarily descend from hegemonic measures passing scope for more negoti ation. The article has clearly used the model to an intelligently critical viewpoint of an audience subject to heritage with large significance thus cementing its usefulness in this element of modern society. If the model can be used to deconstruct our perseverance of heritage and reveal political and cultural means of the audience, it has another credible use. Importantly the model was able to be adapted to reflect more audience freedom and negotiation reflected in contemporary audience theory today. It is now necessary to revisit many aspects of Halls model, tying in the theoretical, alongside politics, the changing media landscape and the wider scope of knowledge. Firstly, taking a political stance, the continuities between Thatcherism and New Labours political projection were documented by Hall (1998), as the authoritarian populism of Britain was echoed in the New Labour rhetoric under Tony Blair. As we previously covered the theoretical roots of the encoding model stem from emigration of scholars from the Marxist school of applied Social Research, and Labour learnt a lot with its affiliation with Marxism. Tony Blairs contribution to the magazine almost certainly contributed to his understanding of how to modernise his party and use the media effectively as a dominant mass communication tool. Where the Use and Gratifications model failed in Marxist academia, Halls model successfully justifies mass media dominance. If we revisit the third generation audience research we can see a link between the constructionist viewpoint and the findings from the heritage museum. Participants in the heritage museum research were able to self identify there role in the research and offer a more negotiated viewpoint, as such there is greater audience understanding of there identity in shaping the outcome, and the ability to use the encoding model with more modern research giving it greater use. Referring back to Nightingales criticism of the model, that it assumed only dominant culture is produced through television. The heritage site had no dominant message and yet the model was able to be used to negotiate readings and audience understanding. The model was able to do this because it still posed relevant for disseminating social and cultural class but its real findings and the examination of further audience negotiation compliments its ability to embrace the audience understanding of third generation research. Whilst it was concluded modern television such as reality TV produced flaws in Halls model, one would assume there would be new documented research on the progression of New Media and the distribution of programmes through changing mediums and a diverse virtual world of information. There is not such a wealth of information out there which asks larger questions as to whether the encoding/decoding model has been cast aside with changing media dynamics. One of the most important recent media developments is the rise of social media. One of largest and most predominant media campaigns in western politics was Barack Obamas presidential campaign in 2008. Meerman Scott (2007) believes this was won due to Obama being the candidate that mostly strongly embraced social media. The encoding model does fall short of being able to connect to interactive media, user generated content and networking that is not subject to a mass dominated message, but instead the articulation and communication of m any individuals independent of thought. Obama didnt pursue an authoritarian message with his campaign to be mediated across the web, but many individuals wrote multiples blogs raising awareness online. This has given me the viewpoint that mediated liberalism and the freedom of audience control has rapidly increased due to social media. Halls model is relevant in predominant media, it will not transcend into the online social forum. Similarly the role that the audience plays online is very much what people do with the media, (echoing the Use and Gratification model) and attempts to cast aside dominant ideology or reading. Social Media is technically the most recent revolutionary form of media in which the encoding model appears to fall short in its application of audience understanding. It can however be concluded that there is very little academic research on this topic thus far to determine the model in this form. Conclusively, Stuart Halls model has taught me, in regards to politics and the media, it is best applied in context of the media dominance of society and has clear use and purpose in analysing recent UK governments and can contextualise the relationship we have with the autonomous power above us. The model has limited use in modern television such as reality TV and the changing media landscape, and falls short of the social media revolution and the powerful nature of the audience online. The model itself though, does transcend the ethnography and constructionist nature of the research that followed the model, and its ability to be applied to a local heritage site and successful disseminate an audience, proves it can still be useful in modern society. Similarly the social and cultural decodings of the model in mass audience research have been justified and complimented by various researches undertaken.

Theoretical Issues Related to Human Resources :: Human Resources Essays

This essay will discuss the theoretical issues related to human resource management strategies, human resource planning, employment relations, diversity management and recruitment and selection. The essay will compare the differences in human resource management between two airlines, American Airlines and Southwest Airlines. Finally the essay will put forward recommendations to the two airlines in the human resource area. The human resource needs of today’s organisation need to be continually analysed due to constant changing conditions. This analysing is known as human resource planning (HRP) and it ensures that the right number and type of people are available at the right time for the organisation (Dessler et al 1999). There are many factors that contribute to HRP and trends that influence the organisation’s external environment. These factors are workforce diversity, outsourcing, globalisation, technological development, new organisational structures, casualisation and the shift from manufacturing towards service and knowledge-based work (Dessler et al 1999). Workforce Diversity Workforce diversity is divergence from an assumed norm or set of expectations. The government have created legislations confirming the right of all members of society to experience comparable life and work opportunities, irrespective of difference of sex, age, sexual orientation, religion, physical abilities or whether they belong to the dominant culture or language group (Human Resource Management Study Book). The reasons that these legislations were introduced were due to the changing of the workforce. More women joined the workforce as did people of differing ethnic origins. The workforce has become older because of the legal ruling of voluntary retirement age (Human Resource Management Study Book). Due to these changes and legislations employers have had to re-think their employment policies and procedures in areas such as selection, training and promotion (Human Resource Management Study Book). Some forward thinking organisations have looked beyond the government’s requirements and have used the changes to benefit themselves in the long term. These organisations have taken this opportunity to better understand and serve the wider community, to gain a competitive advantage over more traditional organisations. They have also tried to gain more knowledge of the needs and preferences of specific groups in society and discovered the things that might help to make the workplace more productive and satisfying for all their employees (Human Resource Management Study Book). Outsourcing. Outsourcing is where organisations use external providers for those activities that are either non-essential or demand an injection of management resources and capital. This allows the organisation to focus more on the core of the business operations (Dessler et al 1999). Outsourcing is extremely important where HRP is concerned. It can be used as a strategy when skilling of resources will be expensive and time consuming and it can also make forecasting easier if the

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Today is my first day at the UniKL City Campus. After the registration session at the Multipurpose Hall, I need to go to the Male Hostel and later on to the Administrative Building. So, I asked one of the security guards on duty the way to both places. He explained to me the routes to the Male Hostel and the Administrative Building. First, from the guard Post 1, I must go straight and turn left into Jalan Teknologi. Then, I need go straight until I found Multipurpose Hall at my left and at the junction; I must turn left into Jalan Teknikal. After that, I must go straight until I found the classroom and laboratory at my left and turn left into small path at the end of classroom building. Then I need to turn right to park my car at student parking area and I will found the Male Hostel in front of the student parking area but I need to cross restricted area. After I check in at Male Hostel, I need to go to Administrative Building to settle out my document. From student parking area, I need to turn to small path and turn right into Jalan Teknikal. Then, I must going straight and turn right at the end of Jalan Teknikal into Jalan Teknologi. Then, I must take the first junction and I will found Multipurpose Hall at my left. When I move to in front, I will found the classroom and laboratory at my right and the Administrative Building at my left.

Pal Ideas for Beginning Readers K Essay Example

Pal Ideas for Beginning Readers K Essay Example Pal Ideas for Beginning Readers K Essay Pal Ideas for Beginning Readers K Essay Directions: Go through each section of the module, starting with the challenge section. 1. Watch Opening (Challenge) 2. Record your initial thoughts (briefly) to the following question (Thoughts): What characteristics might Mrs. Doris and Ms. Chandler look for in a reading approach? What types of activities can she use to increase her students’ reading skills? How can Mrs. Doris and Ms. Chandler implement these activities? Some characteristics to look for in a reading approach are engaging strategies for low, middle, and high achieving students that provide meaningful experiences and develop literacy skills. Some activities that can be used to increase students’ reading skills is repeated readings, concepts of print, comprehension strategies like predicting and asking questions, and building vocabulary by creating word walls. These activities can be implemented in small groups or partnered work and as a whole group. 3. Go through Perspectives and Resources Section (The answers to the following assessment section will be contained in the section). 4. Complete the following questions in the Assessment section of the Module: ; ; ; ; ; ; List five benefits of PALS. ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Highly structured activities that have been demonstrated to improve students learning. ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Frequent verbal interaction and corrective feedback between the Coach and Reader ; ; ; ; ; ; ; PALS is effective for students with learning disabilities, low-performing students without learning disabilities, average- and high-achieving readers, and English learners (ELs). ; ; ; ; ; ; PALS is an effective means of differentiating reading instruction. ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Promotes collaboration and positive social interaction between students. ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Compare and contrast the specific reading skills addressed by K-PALS and first grade pals. ; ; ; ; ; ; ; PALS for kindergarten students (K-PALS) targets more advanced reading skills than typically taught at this level. PALS for first-grade is highly structured: The lessons are sequential, and the skills learned are cumulative. Additionally, it picks up where K-PALS leaves off. ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Compare the recommended method of grouping students to the method suggested for the first-grade students. Five minutes of whole group instruction and peer pairs work on 2 main activities after the introduction. The teacher divides the rank-ordered list in half and pairs the top high-performing student with the top low-performing one (and this might include pairing a student with a disability [e. g. , learning disability in reading, intellectual disability] with one without a disability). The process continues until all of the students have been paired. ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Imagine you are Mrs. Miselem, a first-grade teacher, and you are planning to implement PALS for the first time. What two steps might you take to promote a healthy team environment? Prepare materials for her students such as the PALS rules, pairs and teams assignments chart, and score board. She also should monitor the student pairs, providing feedback and correction procedures and provide friendly classroom competition. 5. Wrap-Up: Think back to your initial responses to the following questions. After working through the resources in this module, do you agree with your Initial Thoughts? If not, what aspects of your answers would you change? I agree with my initial thoughts. I think the PALS is a great reading strategy model that revolves around reciprocal peer tutoring, allowing students the opportunity to practice reading and to receive immediate corrective feedback. Not only does PALS address that standards, but it works with the students who are struggling or need a different way of instruction and addresses their learning needs.

Bernard Arnault Essay Example

Bernard Arnault Essay Example Bernard Arnault Paper Bernard Arnault Paper Bernard Arnault (born 5 March 1949) is a French businessman. He is the founder, chairman, and CEO of LVMH, a large luxury goods conglomerate consisting of over fifty luxury brands, including Louis Vuitton, Dior, and Fendi. According to Forbes Magazine, Arnault is the worlds 4th and Europes richest person, with a 2011 net worth of US$41 billion. Marc Jacobs (born April 9, 1963) is an American fashion designer and the head designer for Marc Jacobs, as well as the diffusion line Marc by Marc Jacobs. Jacobs is currently the Creative Director of the French design house Louis Vuitton. In 1997, Jacobs was appointed Creative Director of luxury French fashion house, Louis Vuitton, where he created the companys first ready-to-wear line. Jacobs has collaborated with many popular artists for his Louis Vuitton collections. Vuitton has worked in conjunction with Stephen Sprouse, Takashi Murakami and most recently American artist Richard Prince and rapper Kanye West. As of 2011, Jacobs remains the Creative Director for Louis Vuitton. Marc Jacobs has the midas touch and an innate ability to design clothes that people want to wear. Whether he designs a satchel or a shoe its always something everyone wants. From grunge to prom, from private jet to Tokyo nightclub, he has an outfit that suits. His workload includes Marc Jacobs, Marc by Marc and Louis Vuitton a titanic selection of back to back collections but he still has time to build a world class contemporary art collection and dress in pigeon costumes at his annual fancy dress party. He has caught the fitness bug like so many male fashion designers. His muses include Sofia Coppola, Charlotte Rampling, Winona Ryder, Dakota Fanning, Victoria Beckham all have been photographed by Juergen Teller for Marc Jacobs ad campaigns (Mrs Beckham was hidden inside a Marc Jacobs shop bag after Juergen persuaded her that she was just a product). John Stuart, former CEO of Quaker, once said, if this company were split up, I would give you the property, plant and equipment and I would take the brands and trademarks and I would fare better. This commonly held belief illustrates the immense value of the brand today, but how do you create and manage a star brand? Perhaps this question is relatively easy for marketing and brand managers, but what about at board level, where the buck really stops? Bernard Arnault, Chairman of LVMH (Louis Vuitton, Moi t Hennessy , the worlds largest maker of luxury goods), appears to have some of the answers. LVMH is a paradox in itself. A company that makes and sells products that nobody actually needs. A recipe for disaster? A managers nightmare? Far from it LVMHs combined revenue was estimated at $11 billion in 2001, with a market capitalization of $27 billion. With Arnault at the helm, this organization has gone from a small clothing manufacturer on the verge of ruin to a conglomerate of nearly 50 star brands including Dom Perignon, TAG Heuer and Christian Dior. According to Arnault, one key to success is his management technique. The process of creating a star brand begins with radical innovation and, for that, artists must be totally free from financial or marketing concerns. He firmly believes that If you think and act like a typical manager around creative people with rules, policies, data on customer preferences, and so forth you will quickly kill their talent. It is only later, when the product is being manufactured, that he introduces the strict, almost militant processes that ensure profitability. Take, for example, John Galliano and his dresses made out of newspaper surely the most impractical product imaginable. But when they were sent down the cat-walk, Arnault did not bat an eyelid. Consequently, when Dior sold dresses in newspaper-printed fabric for a considerable profit, Arnault was proved right. Star brands, in his opinion, are in themselves a paradox. They must simultaneously be timeless, modern, fast-growing and highly profitable. Arnault is keenly aware of the crucial role he plays in creating such an entity. He observes how many brands have the potential to be stars but they are poorly managed, and by this we are not talking of the marketing manager alone the problem often runs through the heart of most major organizations. If you continually pose these questions to consumers and analyze the findings, it becomes increasingly simple to pick up on small irritations or concerns that, in the future, could present massive problems for your brand. (2) See the brand as both an object and a person. Viewing the brand as an object increases the value of analysis and plays a fundamental and consistent role you are selling something to people. On the other hand, the brand as a person enables you to understand the delivery of this role and how well it fits into your corporate culture. This way you can become involved with the projection and promotion of the brand without ever losing sight of the bigger picture. (3) Look at brand promise to enable successful advertising.

Howard Schultz's Leadership Style and Traits Research Paper

Howard Schultz's Leadership Style and Traits - Research Paper Example Nor does he stand ramrod tall and deliver a lecture or key message points†¦. He lets it all hang out--and is, by turns, sensitive, passionate, and responsive. What the managers see is what they get. Its Schultz--the corporate caregiver and truth teller. And its a distinctive leadership style based on an idealism that seems at odds with a sharp-edged global economy that has bloodied both business credibility and employee morale.† (US News.com) This, in nutshell, reveals the personality of the man, and his positive approach to the issues. Some of his observations/comments in the meeting prove the point. â€Å"The art of leadership is making sure we dont allow the scale and size of the company to change the methodology of how we conduct ourselves. We have to be careful not to let our values be compromised by an ambition to grow." "You dont start out by saying, Im going to create the worlds largest coffee company. You start with a sensibility that says, Im going to create a different kind of company, and you have to follow the path of doing the right thing by making decisions that are true to your mission and cause. You refer to your heart, conscience, and memory." "Being a great leader means finding the balance between celebrating success and not embracing the status quo. Being a great leader also means identifying a path we need to go down and creating enough confidence in our people so they follow it and dont veer off course because its an easier route to go."(USNews.com†¦.) In his book â€Å"A Passion to Lead: Seven Leadership Secrets in Business, Sports and Life, Jim Calhoun writes, â€Å"A Passion to Lead is for all those who are serious about making their dreams a reality. It’s a motivational tool for achieving success both at work and in life, and it can help turn any adversity into an advantage.†(Back Flap†¦) and he further writes, â€Å"Lead anyway-is that character and toughness can be cultivated, if you stick with people who care about

Day Hall Construction Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Day Hall Construction - Article Example After consulting with FixIt Zone manager, JD Tessier, we have arrived at three viable options for the renovation of Day Hall. Our first option is to implement a renovated bathroom area with individual bathrooms doors, with fully renovated bathroom equipment (toilets, showers, sinks, etc.). Our second option is to create renovated, semi-private bathrooms, which will emphasize on increased privacy through increased dividers between showers and sinks. Our last option, which is also the cheapest, is to replace the existing bathroom parts of Day Hall, for many of the showers and sinks are functional. In evaluating our three options, we performed thorough research by distributing the student survey, consulting with JD Tessier, and communicating with the Residence Director of Day Hall, David Grimes, and Office of Residence Life Director Terra Peckskamp, our client, via email. To supplement our findings, we based our recommendation off of 1) Availability of manpower, 2) Cost of renovation, 3) Adaptability to the new bathroom style, 4) Consistency to the goals of the organization, and 5) Implementation period. In evaluating the criteria, our consulting group came to the conclusion that Option 1 aligns most with our criteria and our client’s values. We recommend that Day Hall proceeds with implementing individual bathroom areas, to enhance student satisfaction and the ease of transition. Constructed in 1958, Day Hall at Syracuse University houses approximately 607 students and 14 resident advisors. Together, there are 16 communal bathrooms shared by the 8 floors of residents in Day Hall, which has affected the cleanliness and the lack of working parts in bathrooms.  

Work Values, Attitudes, Moods and Emotions - the case of Wells Fargo Term Paper

Work Values, Attitudes, Moods and Emotions - the case of Wells Fargo Company - Term Paper Example In this context, the emphasis on work values, attitudes, moods and emotions in all organizational department has become a common phenomenon. In Wells Fargo Company the use of work values, attitudes, moods and emotions as tools for increase the firm’s competitiveness has been proved an effective strategic choice. However, as the literature suggests, the development of HR plans needs to be carefully monitored. Failures in regard to one or more parts of these plans may set the firm’s position in its industry in risk. The principles on which organizational strategies are based are not common in organizations worldwide. However, it seems that certain organizational decisions are likely to be based on similar rules and criteria. Also, it has been proved that the success of organizational plans is depended on the ability of organizations to identify and evaluate appropriately employee needs. In this context, work values, moods and emotions are of critical importance for organi zations in different industries. The role of work values, attitudes, moods and emotions in the development of organizational plans is highlighted in this paper. Reference is made to a specific company, the Wells Fargo Company, one of the most successful organizations in the greater Los Angeles area. The specific organization operates in the banking sector and is well known for its employee values. The specific organization is considered as one of the most successful for the American banking industry. The success of the organization has been highly related to one of its practices: work values, attitudes and emotions are highly taken into consideration when the key strategies of the organization are reviewed. Values, attitudes, moods and emotions are key elements of organizational strategies under the following term: the involvement of these elements in key strategic decisions is not standardized. This means that there are no specific rules imposing the use of the above elements in th e development of an organization’s strategic policies. However, the use of these elements seems to increase the effectiveness of organizational plans, even in the long term. In order to understand the role of these elements in an organization’s strategies, it would be necessary to review their characteristics; then, the ways in which these elements can influence an organization’s strategic planning process would be made clear. The framework of values in the context of modern organizations is reflected in the following definition: ‘values are an enduring belief that a specific mode of conduct is personally or socially preferable to an opposite mode of conduct’ (Gilliland, Steiner and Skarlicki 4). On the other hand, Williams (1993) note that work values should be described as the belief that every organizational task needs to be accomplished on time in accordance with the guidelines given. Moreover, Allison and Kaye (2005) support the view that value s as an elements of organizational culture reflects the priorities of organization’s in regard to critical social and environmental issues, such as the protection of the environment, the support to the community and so on. At the next level, Niven (2011) notes that organizational values are quite important for the stabilization of the organizational performance; for this reason, it is suggested that regular changes on organizational values are avoided (Niven 2011). Rather, emphasis should be given on the development of a core framework of organizational values on which the organization’s aims and objectives would be based. Regarding the potential use of attitudes as elements of organ

Personnel to Human Resource Management Essay Example for Free

Personnel to Human Resource Management Essay Personnel management refers to a set of functions or activities including recruitment, training, pay and industrial relations performed effectively but often in isolation from each other or with overall organisation objectives. In 1991, Hilmer noted that the Australian tradition of many sub-specialities or functions (industrial relations, compensation, training and pay) was out of date. The early 1990s was an are of great speculation on the future of the functions in managing people. The concept Human Resource Management (HRM) began to influence the practice of integrating functions with each other and organisation objectives. Coppleston (1991) explained the HR function within any enterprise must first of all serve the organisation†¦ an investment area rather than a cost to the organisation. Reinforced by other writers, human resources should be viewed as human capital, and that HR managers should strive to use them as investment creating an environment where the appropriate strategy is likely to emerge. (Williams, 1991) Alternate perspectives of HRM emphasise either the effective management of employees through greater accountability and control, the greater involvement in decision making processes, or both of these. (Nankervis, Compton McCarthy, 1993) In countries such as Australia, the personnel management function arrived more slowly than its USA counterparts and came from a number of avenues. The orientation of personnel management was not entirely managerial. In the UK, its origins were traced to welfare officers where it became evident that there was an inherent conflict between their activities and those of line managers. There were not seen to have a philosophy compatible with the view of senior managers. The welfare officer orientation placed personnel management as a buffer between the business and the employees. In terms of organisational politics this was not a viable position for those wishing to further their careers, increase their status, earn high salaries or influence organisation performance. Industrial relations further compounded the distinction through their intermediary role between unions and line management. (Price, 2005) However, during the 1970s, many Australian organisations found themselves in turbulent business and economic climates with major competition from the USA, Europe and Asian markets. Concurrently, the Institute for Personnel Management (IPMA) and training institutions such as TAFE and universities were becoming more sophisticated in their approaches incorporating more  recent approaches such as Excellence and Total Quality Management. During this period the IPMA held national and international conferences, initiated relationships with the Asia-Pacific region, developed an accreditation process and the now titled Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources. (Nankervis et al, 1993)By the 1980s, personnel had become a well-defined but low status area of management. Traditional personnel managers were accused of having a narrow, functional outlook. Storey (1989) comment that personnel management †¦has long been dogged by problems of credibility, marginality, ambiguity and a trash-can labelling which has relegated it to a relatively disconnected set of duties many of them tainted with a low status welfare connotation. In practice, the background and training of many personnel managers left them speaking a different language from other managers and unable to comprehend wider business issues such as business strategy, market competition, labour economics and the role of other organisational functions. (Price, 2005) This set the scene to integrate personnel management with wider trends in management thinking. In 1999 (cited in Gollan 2005), Hunt suggested, the key link to the success of the function lies in the struggle to acquire more influence, something that is being carried out in a climate of downsizing and outsourcing. Even the change of name from personnel to HR is indicative that the way people view and perform this role is changing with the new name communicating a desire to break with the past and to throw off an image that was limp and limiting†¦ The future of the HR function may be far from certain †¦ [however] †¦ In situations of uncertainty, it is the confident who win through †¦ I know of no organisation whose senior managers believe their company will operate, in the future, without any human beings. Whether ensuring the supply of those human beings resides in a function called HR or not is rather irrelevant. Such themes included human capital theory and human resource accounting, however, HRM gained further ground and prominence once introduced to the Harvard Business School MBA course in 1981. The four main approaches founded during the 1980s were: The strategic matching theories from the Michigan and  New York Schools; Multiple Stakeholders theory from the Harvard School; Political and Change Process Theory from the Warwick School and a Behavioural Transformation Theory from the Schuler School. (Price, 2005) Each theory expressed models that stress people as human resources which are a resource different to any other the organisation may have and therefore require to be managed differently. This could be conceived as rather confusing, however Townley (1994) argued that much of the confusion over the role of human resource managers is due to two factors: 1. The conflict between the welfare tradition of personnel management and the strategic orientation of more modern HRM and; 2. A gender divide between female or soft personnel management at lower management and administrative levels and male, hard nosed human resource managers within upper management. Benchmarking and best practice have become widely used terms in the past decade. HRM benchmarking is a process which provides knowledge of the key HR levers which are important to business outcomes; comparison with other businesses with better performance and ways of using that information to improve HR processes. This allows HR processes and outcomes to be quantified so that objectives can be set meaningfully and realistically. This was a revolutionary approach for many HR professionals who were used to subjective job descriptions and values with a focus on process rather than outcome which did not gain much credibility with other business units who were used to objective and quantifiable measures of performance. (Nankervis et al, 1993; Price, 2005) Vilinas and Harper (2005) explored the impact of performance management on staff, the organisation and the business. Performance management was found to be useful in improving role clarity, identifying and standardising performance objectives,, increasing performance feedback and assisting in the development of more useful and meaningful performance measures. The authors found that how performance management was viewed depended on the performance of the team. That is, if the team were performing well, it was viewed positively, if the team were not performing well, it was viewed negatively. Furthermore, Vilinas and Harper (2005), found difficulty in evaluating the impact of performance management systems in organisations. There fore it is difficult to determine the impact this human resource strategy on organisation performance in a  quantitative sense. Royal and ODonnell (2005), argue that qualitative human capital analysis would assist in predicting organisation sustainability and future financial performance by providing substantial evidence indicating the link between particular HR practices and organisation performance. These practices included learning and development, flexible work policies and performance management. The focus on long term relationships between the organisation and staff was the impact on organisation performance rather than an economic exchange. Exploring the impacts of downsizing on organisation performance, Farrell and Mavondo (2005) reported on the contradictory evidence in the literature about this relationship and surveyed manufacturing companies in order to test the impact. The findings concluded that when redesign of organisations drive downsizing the impact on the business is positive, but it is negative when the organisation redesign is driven by downsizing. This indicated that good HR practice linking with the organisation strategic plan is more likely to provide a positive business outcome. According to McGrath-Champ and Baird (2005), HRM practices and the role of HR and employee relations practitioners have been undergoing major changes since the 1980s. Particular changes include the shift to enterprise bargaining. The authors used data from numerous surveys aimed at exploring the changing role of HR practitioners and the implications on the skills required in order to fulfil the changed role. This, in turn, impacts on the capability of the HR area in its ability to support and influence organisational performance. Given that small business is a significant employer in Australia, Bartram (2005) found they are not as likely to use participative management techniques, invest in training in the area of employee relations or develop organisation strategy. However, without the use of HRM practices, small business can be effected detrimentally particularly in a global economic climate. The evidence suggests that organisation performance will usually benefit from the integration of human resource management and product and market strategies, improved understanding of the needs of employees at the workplace, and better use of their skill and ingenuity. Strategies designed to achieve a more comprehensive use of employees human potential, desire to learn, flexibility and personal responsibility would appear capable of delivering higher levels of performance (Gollan Davis, 1998). This is at the heart of the argument for more attention to HRM. Other things being equal, it will assist improve profitability through changing employee attitudes, overcoming resistance to change. (Gollan Davis, 1998) Moreover, there will be experience of mutual advantage. Management can benefit from improved performance and reduced levels of turnover and absenteeism and being an employer of choice in the current labour tight market. As a result employees may enjoy more job security, development opportunities, autonomy and incentives to take ownership and responsibility for quality outcomes. (West Patterson, 1998) While HRM approaches are worthwhile in terms of improving organisation performance, it can be difficult to measure the link between the improvement and the HR practice. The length of time can be fraught with problems when considering the impact of HRM on organisation performance. A short term consultation with staff could pay off years ahead in performance. The most difficult obstacle is in the change of organisation culture for both managers and employees in terms of leadership skills, strategy and resources for development. Based on research statistics of over 30 000 HR professionals, Brockbank (2005), stated the HR field is outstanding at doing what it says it will do, in terms of delivering the basic HR infrastructure activity †¦is an intersection of HR competencies and agendas that have to do with managing the culture, contributing to strategic decision making, managing change and creating process of information flows that continually integrate the organisation†¦ HR professionals are mediocre at this set of activities†¦ the logic of HRs role in bringing critical information about the external business world into the firm, disseminating it and using that information on  a broad scale within the organisation as the basis for integration, unity and ultimately organisational responsiveness. Brockbank (2005) further identified that HRs market driven connectivity rates at 17 per cent of strategic contributions impact on organisation performance. The direct impact of HR on business performance has increased about 300 per cent since 1992. This is factored around the shift from focusing on traditional personnel functions and moving towards strategic input into the organisations development coupled with technological change and a global economy. In other words, this indicates that in order to make an impact, HR needs to understand the business their organisation is in including the customers, shareholders and stakeholders. To surmise, the evidence suggests there is a great deal of participation taking place in Australia, (Morehead, Steele, Alexander, Stephen Duffin, 1997) however, findings from the research highlight the quality of many HRM practices need to be appropriate measured and reported in order to continue to develop the link between HR practices and organisation performance. From the research synthesised in this paper, it is evident that some human resource practices can contribute to high levels of organisational performance. Explored from a range of perspectives, the problems in demonstrating this relationship are highlighted. The number of dimensions to the problems making study comparisons difficult include: definitions used as a basis for the research; the ability to draw a relationship between human resource practices and organisational performance; methodological issues and; differences and variable measurement. There is further interest in identifying and demonstrating the impact HRM has on organisation performance none more highlighted than through the importance of people in the knowledge economy and organisation sustainability in a global market. References: Bartram, Timothy 2005, Small firms, big ideas: The adoption of human resource management in Australian small firms, Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, vol 43Brockbank, Wayne 2005, Turning Inside Out, HR Monthly, April. Coppleston Peter 1991, Present issues and future trends, HR Monthly, April p8-9Farrell, Mark A., Mavondo, Felix 2005, The effect of downsizing-redesign strategies on business performance: Evidence from Australia, Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, vol 43Gollan, Paul 2005, High involvement management and human resource sustainability: The challenges and opportunities, Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, vol 43Gollan, P. Davis, E. 1998, High involvement management and organisational change: Beyond rhetoric. Macquarie Graduate School of ManagementHilmer F 1991, Hilmer discusses the future for Australians at work, HR Monthly, August p9. McGrath-Champ, Susan Baird, Marian 2005, The mercurial nature of Australian HRM under enterprise bargaining, Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, vol 43Morehead, A., Steele, M., Alexander, M., Stephen, K. Duffin, L. 1997, Change at Work: The 1995 Australian Workplace Industrial Relations Survey. Melbourne: LongmanNankervis, Alan R., Compton, Robert L. McCarthy, Terence E. 1993, Strategic Human Resource Management, Thomson Nelson Australia. Price Alan 2005, Human Resource Management in a Business Context, 2nd ednRoyal, Carol ODonnell, Loretta 2005, Embedding human capital analysis in the investment process: A human resources challenge, Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, vol 43Storey, J. 1989, Human Resource Management: A Critical Text. Thomson Learning, 2nd ednTownley B. 1994, Reframing Human Resource Management: Power, Ethics and the Subject of Work, Sage. West, M. Patterson, M 1998. People Power: The link between job satisfaction and productivity. Centrepiece, Autumn, p2-5Williams Ross 1991, Transformation or chaos? HR in the 1990s, HR Monthly, November, p10. Vilinas, Tricia Harper, Sarah (2005), Determining the impact of an organisations performance management system, Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, vol 43